Communication Skills Essay

1. Summary In summary, this report is based on the based on how the skill of effective communication can improve your writing, listening, conflict and anger management skills. It is seen that communication is the key to proper writing which is critical to tertiary education students as is required for the successful completion of a certificate, degree and masters. Also, communication can be an influential force in effective listening, which is important for job interviews, group projects and communication in the workplace. Lastly, there is conflict and anger management which are problems that usually arrive due to the lack of adequate communication skills. 2. Introduction 2.1 Communication Communication is the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another; it involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receiver. Effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the exact information or idea that the sender intended to transmit. Many of the problems that occur in an organization are the either the direct result of people failing to communicate and/or processes, which leads to confusion and can cause good plans to fail (U.S. Army, 1983). The following are elements of communication (Pearson, 1983): 1.1.1 Communication Channels This is the term given to the way in which we communicate. There are multiple communication channels available to us today, for example face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, text messages, email, the Internet (including social media such as Facebook and Twitter), radio and TV, written letters, brochures and reports to name just a few. As a result choosing an appropriate communication channel is vital for effective communication as each communication channel has different strengths and weaknesses. 1.1.2 Encoding Messages All messages must be encoded into a form that can be conveyed by the  communication channel chosen for the message. We all do this every day when transferring abstract thoughts into spoken words or a written form. However, other communication channels require different forms of encoding, e.g. text written for a report will not work well if broadcast via a radio programme, and the short, abbreviated text used in text messages would be inappropriate if sent via a letter. Complex data may be best communicated using a graph or chart or other visualisation. Effective communicators encode their messages with their intended audience in mind as well as the communication channel. This involves an appropriate use of language, conveying the information simply and clearly, anticipating and eliminating likely causes of confusion and misunderstanding, and knowing the receivers’ experience in decoding other similar communications. Successful encoding of messages is a vital skill in effecti ve communication. 1.1.3 Decoding Messages Once received, the receivers need to decode the message, and successful decoding is also a vital skill. Individuals will decode and understand messages in different ways based upon any Barriers to Communication which might be present, their experience and understanding of the context of the message, their psychological state, and the time and place of receipt as well as many other potential factors. Understanding how the message will be decoded, and anticipating as many of the potential sources of misunderstanding as possible, is the art of a successful communicator. 1.1.4 Feedback Receivers of messages are likely to provide feedback on how they have understood the messages through both verbal and non-verbal reactions. Effective communicators should pay close attention to this feedback as it the only way to assess whether the message has been understood as intended, and it allows any confusion to be corrected. Bear in mind that the extent and form of feedback will vary according to the communication channel used: for example feedback during a face-to-face or telephone conversation will be immediate and direct, whilst feedback to messages conveyed via TV or radio will be indirect and may be delayed, or even conveyed through other media such as the Internet. Without the above elements it would be impossible to  have effective communication. 2. Types of Communication People communicate with each other in a number of ways that depend upon the message and its context in which it is being sent. Choice of communication channel and your style of communicating also affect communication. So, there are varieties of types of communication. Types of communication based on the communication channels used are (Muhammad, 2012): Verbal Communication Nonverbal Communication 2.1 Verbal Communication Verbal communication refers to the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every communication is to have people understand what we are trying to convey. In verbal communication remember the acronym KISS (keep it short and simple). When we talk to others, we assume that others understand what we are saying because we know what we are saying. But this is not the case. Usually people bring their own attitude, perception, emotions and thoughts about the topic and hence creates barrier in delivering the right meaning. So in order to deliver the right message, you must put yourself on the other side of the table and think from your receiver’s point of view. Would he understand the message? How it would sound on the other side of the table? Verbal Communication is further divided into: Oral Communication Written Communication 2.1.1 Oral Communication In oral communication, Spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication, communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking. Advantages of Oral communication are: It brings quick feedback. In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial expression and body language one can guess whether he/she should trust what’s being said or not. Disadvantage of oral communication: In face-to-face discussion, the user is unable to deeply think about what he is delivering; as a result they may say the wrong thing. 2.1.2 Written Communication In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written message may be printed or hand written. In written communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc. Message, in written communication, is influenced by the vocabulary & grammar used, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used. Written Communication is most common form of communication being used in business. So, it is considered core among business skills. Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail are the types of written communication used for internal communication. For communicating with external environment in writing, electronic mail, Internet Web sites, letters, proposals, telegrams, faxes, postcards, contracts, advertisements, brochures, and news releases are used. Advantages of written communication include: Messages can be edited and revised many times before it is actually sent. Written communication provides record for every message sent and can be saved for later study. A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate feedback. Disadvantages of written communication include: Unlike oral communication, written communication doesn’t bring instant feedback. It takes more time in composing a written message as compared to word-of-mouth. A number of people may struggle with their writing ability. 2.2 Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We  can say that communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions, is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of speaker. Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, nonverbal signals reflect the situation more accurately than verbal messages. Sometimes nonverbal responses contradict verbal communication and hence affect the effectiveness of message. Nonverbal communication has the following three elements: 1. Appearance Speaker: clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics Surrounding: room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings 2. Body Language Facial expressions, gestures, postures 3. Sounds Voice Tone, Volume, and Speech rate 3. Barriers to Communication There exist many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in the communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and concise message. 3.1 Physical Barriers An example of a physical barrier to communication is geographic distance between the sender and receiver(s). Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more communication channels are available and less technology is required. Although modern technology often serves to reduce the impact of physical barriers, the advantages and disadvantages of each communication channel should be understood so that an appropriate channel can be used to overcome the physical barriers (Ting-Toomey and Chung, 2004). 3.2 Psychological/Emotional Barriers To communicate effectively, according to McBride and Maitland (2001, p.117) you must clearly convey thoughts and emotions both verbally and nonverbally. Many times, emotional barriers on your part or the part of the person you are speaking with may inhibit your ability to communicate on an effective level. Your emotional state may influence your capacity to make yourself understood and hamper your understanding of others. 3.3 Cultural Barriers Cultures provide people with ways of thinking–ways of seeing, hearing, and interpreting the world. Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they talk the â€Å"same† language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases. Ting-Toomey and Chung (2004) describes three ways in which culture interferes with communication as: 1. Cognitive Constraints – These are the frames of reference or world views that provide a backdrop that all new information is compared to or inserted into. 2. Behaviour Constraints – Each culture has its own rules about proper behaviour which affect verbal and nonverbal communication. 3. Emotional Constraints – Different cultures regulate the display of emotion differently. Some cultures get very emotional when they are debating an issue. However, this fails to take account of â€Å"Linguistic Constr aints† that may be involved when communicating with someone from a different culture. The lack of knowledge about all barriers can hinder your attempt to communicate effectively. 3. Effective Listening 3.1 Listening It is vital to keep an open mind while you are listening. If you have already judged a situation and come to an option you are likely to hear only those things which are consistent with your existing opinion. Focus on what the speaker is saying and how they are saying it. Failure to adhere to these rules it may make it difficult for you to communicate effectively and clearly understand what is expected of you, whether the requirements for an assignment or specifications for a module. Effective listening will be  crucial to your success in writing for educational advance (Cameron, 2009). 4. Conflict and Anger Management 4.1 Conflict Conflict is a lack of agreement between opinions and principles of needs, values and interests. Conflict can be internal (within oneself) or external (between two or more individuals). Conflict as a concept can help explain many aspects of social life such as social disagreement, conflict of interests, and fights between individuals, groups or organisations. In political terms, â€Å"conflict† can refer to wars, revolutions or other struggles, which may involve the use of force as in the term â€Å"armed conflict† (Myers, 2007). Conflict can be a major hindrance for effective communication, but can be controlled through proper communication skills. 4.2 Anger Management Anger is an emotion related to one’s psychological interpretation of having been offended, wronged, or denied and a tendency to react through retaliation. Anger is a normal emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation. The term anger management commonly refers to a system of psychological therapeutic techniques and exercises by which someone with excessive or uncontrollable anger and aggression can control or reduce the triggers, degrees, and effects of an angered emotional state (Centrec Care, 2002). Through networks that facilitates proper communication such as therapy or counselling one can learn how to proper deal with their anger which can be a barrier to effective communication. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, these are all ways by which communication can be helpful to an individual who is interesting in building their employability, writing and interpersonal skills. Communication is vital to everyday task and can be the deciding factor on its successful completion or failure. Effective communication is a skill that can be applied to a wide variety of other skills. Once used properly this is no limit to the new skills you can attain. 6. Recommendations The purpose of this report is to inform readers on the importance of having effective communication skills and how it can help improve your other skills such as listening, writing and conflict management. I recommend that reader try to implement each of the listed skills above through communication to help them advance in their goals. Whether it is to listen more and talk less or just being aware of your tone and body language when communicating to others. You may be surprised by the difference in response you may receive from others. 4. References 1. SkillsYouNeed, 2013. What is Communication? [online] Available at: [Accessed 9 December 2013]. 2. SkillsYouNeed, 2013. Barriers to Effective Communication. [online] Available at: [Accessed 9 December 2013]. 3. McBride, P. and Maitland, S., 2001. The EI Advantage: Putting Emotional Intelligence into Practice. [e-book] Berkshire: McGraw Hill Professional. Available at: Google Books [Accessed 30 November 2013]. 4. Ting-Toomey, S. and Chung. C. L., 2004. Understanding Intercultural Communication. [e-book] USA: Oxford University Press. Available at: Google Books [Accessed 30 November 2013]. 5. Cameron, S., 2009. The Business Student’s Handbook: Skills for Study and Employment. 5th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 6. Muhammad, A. B., 2012. Communication Process. [online] Available at: [Accessed 5 December 2013]. 7. U.S. Army, 1983. Military Leadership. FM 22-100. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 8. Pearson, J., 1983. Interpersonal Communication. Illinois: Scott, Foreman and Company. 9. Myers, G. D., 2007. Social Psychology. 9th ed. Berkshire: McGraw Hill Professional. 10. Centrec Care, 2002. Anger Management Counselling. [online] Available at: [Accessed 5 December 2013].

Importance of Language

Every day and every hour we hear words, letters and phrases: these are the means of communication between me and another person. If we both speak the same language we can connect on another level, versus someone who speaks a completely different language than me. English, my primary language, has been part of me since the day I was born, but another language, Vietnamese, has been part of my grandpa’s life since the day he was born. It is fascinating to see my grandpa going through the drive-thru at a fast-food restaurant.When I was a kid, my grandpa used to take me to Arby’s all the time. He would take me in his beaten up green truck, and we would roll down the street to Arby’s. Every time, he would get the roast beef sandwich and I would get the curly fries. Man those were good. We would go through the drive-thru and when the person on the intercom asked my grandpa what he wanted, my grandpa would tell him â€Å"roo-bee-san-with† and â€Å"ca-ree-fryâ₠¬ . For some odd reason, it seemed that there was always a different person working every time we went, because the person on the intercom would never recognize old gramp’s English, even though we came there about a billion times.Eventually though, they would understand what my gramps was trying to say and we would have our delicious warm food. Time went past, and the world didn’t seem to change. Me being a grown adult and all, it was my turn to take my grandpa to Arby’s, but stubborn old gramps wouldn’t let me. I guess it has something to do with the Vietnamese culture, the younger person was always lower than his or her elder. Anyway, he would drive me down the street to Arby’s and same ole, same ole, he would take me through the drive-thru and say â€Å"roo-bee-san-with† and â€Å"ca-ree-fry†, and again, the person wouldn’t be able to understand him, but eventually they would, and me and my grandpa would have our scrumptiou s food.The funny thing is, another Vietnamese person could easily have a conversation with my grandpa in full-out English and they would understand each other completely. Which I still don’t get. Perhaps you have to be Vietnamese to understand Vietnamese accents, and British to understand British accents. Even though me and my  grandpa can speak English, it’s as though we speak entirely different languages. For example, I can easily tell if someone’s from Kentucky versus someone from the Bronx.English is the means of communication, but we communicate in different ways. Someone from Kentucky might call a sprite, a soda, someone from the Bronx, might call it pop. Accents are what separate me and my grandpa. To me, dialect defines where we came from, who we hang around and what languages we can speak. Where is exactly is he or she from? Anyone may answer this question for themselves, the only thing I consider to be obvious is their accent. Language serves the rol e of exchanging ideas through communication in a way for other people to understand it. Language helps identify personal identities through certain words or accents to reveal where a person is from, like New York, China, or Kentucky.Through one language, we can see the blend of diverting cultures. To me, that is one of the most important things of language. The means of not only spoken communication but communication on a deeper level, where words cannot express. Through this importance of language, I can connect with someone on a deeper level through their culture. Like listening to a hip-hop song, I can almost feel the intensity of how that rapper grew up in the projects dodging bullets from gang members. In the end, language is what brings us humans together, and also separates us as a whole.

A Rose for Emily Analysis

Gabi Kuhn 4B 11/13/12 1) What is the point of view of the story? The point of view of the story is a third person. The amount of information the reader knows would be somewhat that of a typical townsperson, since we do not find out right away what is really going on inside of the house, or have a deep view into Miss Emily’s feelings. From this point of view, we see things as how they would appear to a townsperson or viewer. 2) What does the title of the story suggest about the townspeople’s feelings toward Miss Emily?Why do they feel this way about her? (Or: What does she represent to them? ) Is there anything ironic about their feelings? The title of the story suggests that the townspeople have some sort of caring feeling towards her, since a rose is usually a symbol of care or love. They feel some sort of respect to her and her family, since they are the last remnant of the traditional south and the only ones who embrace it the most. The townspeople actually have a pi ty for her, because after her father died, the association of her being higher class lowered.Then, it was lowered the most when she started to spend time with Homer Barron because he was from the North and a day laborer, and thought Miss Emily should have been with someone of higher status, as she was brought up. 3) Describe and discuss the symbolism of Miss Emily’s house. The dust all over the interior of Miss Emily’s house symbolizes the traditional south which Miss Emily continues to embrace mentally through her actions and visually through the looks of her house. The traditional south ways are being abandoned, but Emily refuses to go along.The traditional south ways are old, and Emily wants to stay attached to them, so they linger throughout her home in the visual form of old dust. The portrait of her father symbolizes also that Emily does not want to adjust to the new times. He lived his life in the traditional times, and she did not want to believe that he was de ad. The portrait symbolizes his everlasting presence in Emily’s life, even after his death. 4) What is the role of the â€Å"smell† incident in the story. What other problems has Miss Emily caused the local authorities?The role of the smell incident gives suspicion as to what it is in Miss Emily’s house that is causing it. It gives suspicion that it is something like a dead body, because only such things like a dead body can have such a permeating odor able to reach outside. Miss Emily also has not paid the taxes and thinks she is still entitled to the tax waiver that Colonel Sartoris gave to her, even though he is dead. 5) How do the townspeople know what they know about Miss Emily’s life? What is the source of their information? The townspeople know what they do about her house from when the Aldermen visited the inside of her house.They were the ones who saw how dusty and creepy it was inside of the Grierson house. They also get the minister’s wi fe to get in contact with her relatives, who then come and visit. They also know most of the information they know by simply keeping track of her and seeing her do the things she does, such as buy the poison, and buy the wedding gifts. They all find out by gossiping and sharing the things they see, especially the older women. 6) Consider the mixed quality of the townspeople’s reactions to Miss Emily’s â€Å"failures†. 7) What is the significance of Miss Emily’s actions after the death of her father?Miss Emily tried to keep the body of her father with her in her house. This signifies that she did not want to accept the fact that he was dead. She was lonely, and did not want him to go too, like her lover that had recently left her. He was part of the last of the Grierson family and had shaped her whole life, so she did not want to let him go. 8) What role does Homer Barron play in the story? Is there anything ironic about a match between him and Miss Emily? Homer Barron plays the newcomer to town who Miss Emily succeeds with in her ruesome plans for him. The irony in their relationship is that they are from different regions, which did not have a good relationship back then, because of the Civil War. Homer was from the North, and represented the new innovation of the coming future. Miss Emily has remained in the South all her life and wishes to stay practicing her values and not adjust to changes in life. It is also ironic that after all of the upbringing from her father sending away men who were not â€Å"high enough in class† for her, that she would choose Homer as her partner.Her father would have never approved of him. 9) Look closely at the second paragraph in section five. What does this paragraph suggest about the nature of the people’s memories of the past? 10) What is the horrible revelation about Miss Emily that the story ends with? How is this related to the overall meaning of the story? The horrible revelatio n about Miss Emily is that she actually used the rat poison to kill Homer, and even more grotesque, she kept his body frozen in time so that he could stay with her forever.We also find a gray hair from Miss Emily, which means that she laid down next to the body in the bed for her own satisfaction. This is related to the overall meaning of the story because it shows how Miss Emily was determined to live life and have things the way she wanted them, and she didn’t care that the times were changing or that her actions were socially unacceptable. She lived the rest of her life devoted to the traditional ways of the south, and did not want to accept any changes.

College Athletes Should be Paid to Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

College Athletes Should be Paid to Play - Essay Example Some argue that athletes are paid by virtue of their scholarship and that is sufficient reimbursement for their services. Putting aside for the moment that athletes that participate in the more popular sports earn millions of dollars for the university and that other students reap these benefits as well, athletes are denied the same lack of restrictions to earn while they learn and as a result should be somewhat compensated. The NCAA alone makes hundreds of millions of dollars every year from the men’s March basketball tournament. The bowl games that follow the regular football season supply the conferences with revenues of many million each winter. Now add up ticket and concession proceeds, corporate sponsorships and money gained from merchandise sales that without the presence of sports would not be funneled into a university annually. The athletes know that they generate literally many billions of dollars for their schools, yet are not allowed to earn even pocket change whi le at school, giving their all for ‘ole State U. Athletes are allowed only the most meager of an existence under NCAA regulations. Meanwhile, they witness other students with money enough at least for an occasional date and their coach earning a multi-million dollar salary but know that they are the ones that make the greatest sacrifices. The NCAA reports that of the 1000 schools in its membership, only 40 earn a profit each year, all of which are Division I-A institutions and have either a successful football or basketball program. Though revenues continue to rise for these select schools; the remaining schools are suffering growing deficits. In most cases, schools utilize money gained from its more successful and thus profitable sports programs to fund the other sports activities at the school such as the bulk of women’s athletic programs. The vast majority of schools could not afford to pay for programs that did not pay for themselves if not for the athletes that put ‘butts in seats.’ These athletes are producing enormous revenues that not only pay for other sports programs but pump money into the general scholarship fund. Athletes should be compensated at least minimally but not just athletes that are involved in revenue producing sports. All college athletes should receive a modest salary because all of them allocate so much of their time to their particular sport. Even the non-profitable sports programs provide publicity to the institutions in amounts impossible to quantify. â€Å"There are also student-athletes who have to leave school early because they do not have enough money to continue, or to pay their bills and leaving school for a career in professional sports is an easy way of making money.   The argument is that if student-athletes get paid, they will remain in school and complete their education† (Meshefejian, 2005). When a student-athlete or their family is experiencing financial problems as is the case in m any situations, the pressure to quit school and pursue a professional career is immense. What would motivate an athlete in this predicament to stay and finish school if they were offered even a minor league contract or a backup role at the major league level? Many examples exist where athletes opt to turn professional, then are out of a job within a year or two and cannot return to school because they can no longer be offered a scholarship. If they could have justified, financially speaking, staying in school, many may have graduated and whether or not they succeeded at the professional level, they would have had a diploma and therefore a solid career and a

Understanding Learning through Behaviorism Essay

Understanding Learning through Behaviorism - Essay Example Watson and Thorndike. The last section focuses on the process of how an individual learns a new behavior while following the guidelines of behaviorism. The invention of behavioral psychology or behaviorism came into existence with the experiment conducted by Pavlov on his dog and in this experiment was regarded as classical conditioning. The title of the founding father of behaviorism can easily be awarded to John B. Watson who first came up with the concept of psychological behaviorism. Watson first described the term in an article that was published during the period of 1913 (Smith, 1986, p.61). He stated that those psychologists were not comfortable with the methods of introspection as well as analogy because both these methods were highly biased. He believed that the belief that an individual’s actions are a result of his/her unconscious mind is a superstitious way of studying behavior. After Watson, B.F. Skinner was one of those well-known behaviorists who further explored the field and distributed different ways of studying behaviorism into methodological and radical behaviorism. There are three essential components of behaviorism and these components should exist in order to help individuals and animals learn new behavior. These components include the stimulus (Ogden, 2011). The term stimulus refers to any external object or element in an environment which can cause an individual to act in a certain manner. The second component is the response which basically the actions that humans or animals carry out as a result of being in contact with a particular stimulus. The third components is reinforcement which is the consequence that an individual may experience and this consequence is provided by the reinforce to help strengthen a behavior. One of the most renowned experiments that were conducted in the field of behaviorism based learning was conducted by Ivan Pavlov and his experiment is well recognized as

Leaders, History and Political Science Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leaders, History and Political Science - Article Example This paper outlines that the world is shifting from gigantic entity where every part was seen as separate to the other into a more interlinked entity through economic globalization and through the influence of transnational political organization and growth of population. Liberation on the other hand is actually the contrast of realism in that it sees both state and non-state actors as significant. It also views the international associations’ implications to define the performance not only of great powers but also of minimal powers. According to liberalism, states are disaggregated into entities where some of them functions trans-nationally.  This study declares that  women are still mistreated in different societies in the world today.   Distinctions between individuals with any given state or culture are much superior to differences between groups. Social standing, education, personality, past experience, belief structure, affection shown in the home and countless of other factors will influence human behavior and culture. For example in African cultures, women must stay home and perform all the house chores. There was also a belief that if the husband do not beat his wife, then he does not love her that much. This means that women were frequently beaten and mistreated without any form of defense because people believed that it was a sign of love therefore, there was no need of intervention. India has the men marrying women but   it is interesting to note that it is women who pay dowry instead of men.... A good example of such is the US policy toward Venezuela. The Venezuela President Chavez was bitter with US due to their denial to include Venezuela and other countries in America into United States (Restrepo 33). In fact, the whole of Venezuela was bitter and resentful with the US and that contributed to Venezuela president Chavez to make democracy in the country an intimidating influence to other people. He begun harassing the citizens of the country as a why to show his anger. However, US had to come in, its policy towards Venezuela was that democracy, and the leaders of the country should practice equitability (Shifter 71). In other words, every citizen in the country deserved equitability and democracy not harassment and enslavement. Therefore, it was individual leader; President Chavez who determined the content of US foreign policy to Venezuela (Restrepo 64). The same happened to Syria where US policy towards Syria was elimination of Assad from power due to his dictatorship an d unusual elimination of citizens particularly the University students who protested for murder of their colleague. However, this case was different in that the citizens of Syria supported United States’ policy over President Assad while in Venezuela; the citizens supported President Chavez although he denied them democracy (Shifter 82). 2. Compare and contrast the traditional Realist view of National Security and the Liberal view of Human Security. Are these two views always in contradiction to each other or could they be complimentary? In your opinion, which view of security should be paramount? The traditional realist view of national security is that the state is the main actor

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The article is aimed at discussing the English as the dominate global language and, also acts as a rebuttal to retrospective arguments claiming that that position should be held by languages spoken by many people such as Mandarin. The writers commence the article with the aforementioned though inducing question, and promise in the thesis statement to explain what a global language is and how English became one. This introduction serves to prepare the reader for the ideas of the writer and creates an impression of a well thought out and organized article. The first post thesis paragraph examines and dispels popular preconception about a global language, alluding to Crystal’s book â€Å"English as a second language† wherein he posits that a language does not gain global pertinence based on the scope of words or intrinsic structure, or cultural and literal affiliations. The writers also cites Goh and Liam (Globalization of Language and culture in Asia) who found that the n umber of native speakers is not a determining feature since had this been the case Mandarin and Hindi would be considered global languages. The writer thus builds up their argument by eliminating these perceptions and creates suspense as they finally reveal what criterion determines this. They argue the status of the speakers is the main feature in giving a language global relevance; this is backed up by international recognition of the language and the number of second language speakers in the world. â€Å"The status of the native speakers that play a big role in raising the status of their language† (LCOM) It is notable that the writers of this article have alluded to two academic writers of repute and this way they create credibility for their work by presenting their perspectives. Furthermore, simply by virtue of the fact that they have cited and acknowledged makes it evident to anyone who may have interacted with the prior works that the bloggers have academic integrity by giving credit where it is due. Using these arguments, the writers are able to frame a logical viewpoint as to why English is a global language, take the first position on the status of the people. If one pursues Historical considerations and employs logical thinking, these arguments are largely proved sound. Most African countries speaking English were colonized by the British, and the status of the British as colonial masters necessitated that more natives learn and use English than the English to learn and use the local languages. Even English at some point in history was relegated to obscurity by Latin and French when the two were in their own times used by the Romans and Normans respectively in admiration, legal and religious fields by the conquerors. However, when the English speakers took over power and inevitably status, it naturally followed that the rest of the world would toe the linguistic line. The same case applied to India and Hong Kong where English is widely used despite being a second language. The claim about international recognition is also one that is easily validated logically, the more people recognize a language internationally, and the more likely they are to learn it as a second language. This further clarifies the position the English language since; it is the language, which many speakers speak as a second language. In fact, the number of those who speak English language are only found in a few countries North America,

Effective Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effective Decision Making - Essay Example Alan Mulally is a man that has turned around the automaker's finances through his effective decision making. Mulally became the CEO of Ford Motor Company in Fall 2006. He is not an expert in building cars, yet he has been able to steer his company through the rough waters that has devastated other auto companies without any government bailouts. One interesting observation is that his leadership style is very positive in terms of effective decision-making. This paper identifies the role of Alan Mullally as a leader who has always supported effective decision making. It also discusses how Mullally has created a constructive decision environment. The paper further discusses the generation and evaluation of alternatives in effective decision making and implementation of decisions effectively. Discussion In 2006, Bill Ford Jr., the founder's great-grandson, put sideways the very factual probability of merger, even bankruptcy, and took a decision to place another CEO on his position as an attempt to save Ford Motor Company. He offered the post to a Detroit outsider, Alan Mullally, accredited with the post-9/11 resuscitation of Boeing and lured to Ford by the prospect of saving an "American and global icon. (Brown, 2009, 52)" After joining Ford as a CEO, Mullally has taken several decisions to change the company's prejudiced culture and insisted on teamwork. He developed a recovery plan and worked out on that plan uncompromisingly. He surveyed the entire business weekly to measure progress of other competitors and deeply monitored his own company’s performance. Mullally’s wise decisions win over the Ford family by safeguarding a critical finance just aforementioned to the credit calamity along with the reduction in the number of brands and streamlining of production as per customer demands (Naughton, 2011, 66). He invested and applied advanced technologies for improved fuel efficiency and better production. His one of the effective decisions was an agree ment UAW that yielded cheap labor costs that fended off the corporate invaders and convinced the public to buy Ford Cars. Another major decision Mullally has taken to get Ford the place where it is now was the well-publicized denial to accept the government bailout GM and Chrysler necessary to survive (Taylor, 2009, money.cnn.com). Mullally rests controlled in reducing costs and invest more in product development. Restructured models lift Ford Motor's U.S. market share to 17.5% from 16.1 %. That profited the company from the challenges of its competitors. Suppliers report that domestic-make customers turned progressively to Ford after General Motors and Chrysler went through bankruptcy and accepted government coffers to persist (Taylor, 2009, money.cnn.com). Mullally has created a constructive decision environment on the basis of his timely efforts and effective decisions. In late 2006, Ford borrowed $23 billion, hocking everything, including the company's Blue Oval logo. That gave Ford the cash cushion it needed to withstand losses and develop new models such as the Fiesta. The most important thing Ford has done is invest heavily in new product during this down cycle (Naughton, 2011, 66). The trade-off was a debt load that Mullally has said puts Ford at a competitive disadvantage with rivals GM and Chrysler, which slashed their debt in bankruptcy. Mullally's discipline showed when he made the historic decision to terminate the 71-year-old Mercury brand by year end. His

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR - Essay Example A broad yet thorough understanding of consumers and their consumption patterns are crucial for an organization to thrive in the environment. Consumer behavior is an interaction of various factors that affect the process of consumption, within the buyer’s themselves and in the world that they hail from. Schiffman and Kanuk, 2007 establish consumer behavior as that behavior that consumers present when searching for, purchasing, evaluating and disposing of products which they think will satisfy their needs (p3). Consumer behavior may differ from one consumer to another, from one moment to another and from one environment to another. Consumer behavior describes the motives and judgment that lie behind purchasing decisions and the patterns through which purchasing is . In addition, it clearly explains the way that consumers undertake before making buying decisions. In this case, the product of choice is the Huawei Ideos mobile phone, and analysis will be using the Indifference Curv e Theory a. This theory was developed by Alfred Marshall, and it describes how consumers spend their income on individual products so as to achieve the greatest satisfaction level. However, this analysis is will not be limited to the indifference curve concept. The other concept that helps in understanding the consumer decision making process is the Utility Theory which proposes that buyers make purchasing decisions considering the anticipated results of their decisions, and in reality they are as rational decision makers with self interest (Schiffman and Kanuk 2007, Zinkhan 1992). Howard came up with the first consumer decision-model in 1963 (Du Plessis, Rousseau Et al.1991) The Theory of Buyer Behavior. The model was enhanced further in 1969 by Howard and Sheth to get the ‘Theory of Buyer Behavior’ (or Howard and Sheth Model) (Howard and Sheth 1969). It gives â€Å"a complex incorporation of a wide range of social, psychological and marketing effects on consumer sele ction into a consistent set of data distribution† (Foxall 1990 p.10). The authors concern was in developing an all-inclusive model that could be used to assess a wide range of buying situations, and as such the term ‘buyer’ was more than ‘consumer’ so as not be left out business purchases (Loudon and Della Bitta, 1993). The Huawei Ideos mobile phone is by Google. It is with many unique featured such as 4.3 Mega pixels camera, internet, wifi, creates a portable wifi hotspot, long battery life, sync services and supports a wide range of application. The price of the phone is about $95 and it was preferred for the lower and middle income earners. NEED RECOGNITION At this stage, the customer feels that he/she wants a mobile phone due to its various benefits including calling, messaging and internet services it has to offer. According to the indifference curve approach, the consumer realizes that he/she requires a given product based on its utility, which is the ability of a good or service to fulfill a human want. Therefore, the consumer chooses to purchase the mobile phone in order to satisfy calling, messaging and internet needs. The indifference curve concept uses the marginal utility concept which is a change in utility arising from a change in consumption. Therefore, the consumer’s decision to buy a phone shows an increase in profitability since the consumer is not contented with that the consumer is presently using and therefore the choice of

Problems of Library Automation in Africa Essay Example for Free

Problems of Library Automation in Africa Essay In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (PC) for use in the home, office and schools. Prior to that time, there had been several MS-DOS compatible personal computers that ran DOS programs. As computers became more widespread in the workplace (ie. an independent agent’s office), new  ways to unleash their potential developed. As smaller computers became more powerful, they could be linked together, or networked, to share memory space, software and information, and communicate with each other. So where does the insurance industry enter the â€Å"automation† picture? A word from our sponsor: Whats so difficult about combining personal and commercial umbrella coverage? Not much. Get a quote online now! Independent agents have come a long way in using technology over the past 20 years. From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, independent agents for the most part used PC-based automation systems to boost efficiency and cut costs. Since 1970, ACORD, a not-for-profit standards-setting association for the insurance industry, has been involved in automation. The association is comprised of carriers, agents, vendors, solution providers, associations and other interested parties. â€Å"We aren’t the ones who ‘built’ the automation system,† said Carolyn â€Å"Cal† Durland, managing director of Standards for ACORD. â€Å"What we did and still do is provide standards-Forms and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) upon which the vendors or solution providers base their automation systems.† She explained that to find out how the industry became automated, one must look to the vendors and solution providers. In 1972, the first ACORD form, a property loss notice, went into use. Today, ACORD’s standards include Forms, AL3 (Automation Level 3), XML, OLife and ObjX. The Forms are point of sale, data collection vehicles, AL3 is ACORD’s EDI standard (or machine-to-machine, business-to-business, data transmission formats or components), OLife is a data integration standard and ObjX is â€Å"much more than EDI.† In the 1980s-when the number of PCs in use increased dramatically-ACORD members asked for standardized electronic transmissions between the agents’  computers and the carriers’ computers. â€Å"The industry has come to ACORD to consolidate efforts to eliminate duplication of work,† Durland said. â€Å"For example, without one approved, countrywide ACORD application, all of the 2,400-plus insurance carriers would have to have their own form. And the vendors or solution providers who automate those forms would have to customize each form.† Now that ACORD and the industry are working hand-in-hand, there is one form accepted and used by many of those carriers. In addition, the vendors or solution providers have the option to become licensed by ACORD to redistribute the Forms. â€Å"ACORD provides them with tools†¦to print the ACORD Forms,† Durland said. â€Å"ACORD’s Forms efforts have stripped the costs out of this distribution channel.† According to Durland, in the same manner that the industry came together with ACORD to do Forms, they have also worked to develop EDI Standards. â€Å"Through our subcommittee process and strict compliance to anti-trust guidelines, we bring together carriers, agents, vendors, solution providers and other interested parties to discuss what is needed to transmit the data collected,† she said. Change is good The industry on the whole, according to Durland, is slow to make changes, â€Å"although there are some carriers that have the resources to be on the leading edge of technology.† The beginning was a bit archaic. â€Å"Carriers realized the benefits of automation and developed proprietary systems that they placed in the agents’ offices,† Durland said. â€Å"This resulted in the agents having to physically go from one terminal to another to interface with the carriers automating their process.† With the inception of the agency management vendors and ACORD’s standards implemented in those systems, the agents were conceptually able to eliminate  those proprietary terminals and work through one system. â€Å"This concept called SEMCI, Single Entry Multiple Company Interface, allowed the agents to keep the data in one place and transmit it electronically to any of the carriers it was licensed to represent,† Durland explained. One step forward, two steps back Ten years ago, when Durland joined ACORD, there were many agency management systems attempting to enable SEMCI. â€Å"Today, due to acquisitions and mergers, there are three primary vendors and a few smaller ones,† she said. â€Å"SEMCI is still the goal for the agents and the carriers. However, with the inception of Web enabled processes, the carriers-in an effort to streamline their costs-reverted back to proprietary applications. â€Å"Those leading edge carriers put up Web sites that required the agent to go to the site and enter the information. So instead of going to a separate terminal in their office, they now had to connect to a Web site and rekey the data that was already in their databases.† This resulted in the acceptance of the new standard XML. â€Å"XML is a standard that enables connectivity between Web applications and agency management systems, in addition to business-to-business, business-to-customer, etc.,† Durland said. The goal to secure SEMCI, according to Durland, can still happen with the implementation of XML. â€Å"Plus it broadens the trading partner base to be more than the agent to insurance carrier,† she said. A push for implementation In the 1990s, implementation guides were written and a certification process was developed. Today, there are more than 12,000 upload and 40,000 download implementations using AL3 standards. AL3 continues to evolve and there are new implementations every day, including using AL3 standards over the Internet. Ever since the dawn of the industry’s automation, forms standardization  continued and still continues to be an important focus for ACORD as the standards-setting association works with many different trading partners within the industry. Today there are roughly 400 ACORD forms. And although it’s important to note how many forms there are, what is even more important to note is the fact that these ACORD forms have eliminated or prevented 80,000 proprietary forms-saving the industry millions of dollars. Communicating on a global basis According to Durland, ACORD has staff dedicated to building relationships with other standards-setting organizations. The fact is, the industry handles business on a global basis, so it just makes sense that the goal is to be able to communicate on a global basis. As an example, Durland pointed out that carriers write coverage for properties owned by people all over the world. In turn, these carriers work with other carriers or reinsurers to share the exposure. When asked why it is so important for the industry to be automated, Durland said, â€Å"Automation strips costs out of workflows.† Simply put, to only have to go to one place for information and to be able to service customers quickly and efficiently is key. â€Å"For example, the agent and carrier agree to indemnify the customer if they have a loss which is covered under their policy. The customer pays a fee based on that promise. When the loss occurs, they want someone to handle it promptly†¦to be given information on the progression of the resolution and be paid or have the item replaced ASAP,† Durland said. Automation makes it possible. â€Å"With the technology and automation available to us today, the opportunities to share information are unlimited,† Durland said. â€Å"The industry realizes that and is working together to figure out how to communicate electronically  with each other.†

The Impact Of Tourism On Water Consumption Tourism Essay

The Impact Of Tourism On Water Consumption Tourism Essay Tourism is the major economic sector for many countries around the world especially for small island developing states. . The major growth of the tourism industry started in the 1980s culmination increasing coastal development with major investments in hotels Mauritius is now a well established high class tourist resort destination and tourism is the third pillar of the Mauritian economy after the export processing zone manufacturing sector and agriculture. It contributes significantly to economic growth and has been a key factor in the overall development of Mauritius. In the past two decades tourist arrivals increased at an average annual rate of 9% and in 2000, gross tourism receipts contributed about 11% of the GDP of Mauritius. (CSO, 2007)) The plan of the government is targeting 2.0 million tourists from 2015 to 2020. The strategy for the development of the Tourism sector takes its base in the Tourism Development Plan (2002). It presents a twenty year vision which sees the tourism industry growing but ensuring that environmental and social issues are addressed to the benefit of the people of Mauritius (Min .of Environment and NDU). The Action Plan includes private sector investments in tourist accommodation, tourist attractions, and ancillary facilities, public sector investment in tourism support programmes (e.g. roads, car parking, water and sewage schemes), infrastructure and critical tourism product improvements, diversification and innovations, human resource development/social projects and environmental management support. There will be an accompanying demand for services for high quality up-market tourists with specially trained staff and hotel rooms including trained tour guides and support services such as flight bookings, airline operations, etc. Tourism and water The industry is also a major consumer of water resources and impacting heavily on water demand of island states. The problem of water supply is further exacerbated by the impact of climate change. Tourism industry relies also on a safe and reliable supply of water. With the goal of attracting 2M tourists by 2015 in Mauritius the intensive tourism development that will follow will have a major impact on our natural resources (CSD, 1996). It has been growing rapidly and impacting on the natural resources of the host countries. Overexploitation of water resources can impact negatively on ecosystems which are major components of its tourism industry. Competition for water resources by the tourism sector and domestic population is a global problem exacerbated by the climate change (Goodwin, 2007). Mauritius is facing each year prolong drought problems during the dry season where it is also the peak tourist period. Over extraction and lowering of ground water table can lead to eventually the depletion of aquifers as it is not replenished as rapidly it is consumed. Pollution from sea water intrusion will further limit the availability of freshwater. The latter will be more apparent with sea level rise due to global warming (Goodwin, 2007). The tourism industry faces two issues with regards to water as a resource namely how it affects distribution of water and secondly the impact of the industrys consumption on the environment and the availability of water (Goodwin, 2007). For the development of large resorts, especially in water scarcity areas, the water available for the local people is deviated to provide for these resorts (Goodwin, 2007). In many places water is diverted to provide for tourists and thus leaving indigenous population short of water. European Environment Agency (2003) in its assessment reported that tourists consume up to 300 Litres (up to 880 Litres for luxury tourism) and generate around 180L of wastewater per day. The number of tourists visiting particular places is season dependent and is not constant all year round and tends to be concentrated in places which have limited water resources (Garcia and Servera, 2003). There are conflicts of interests as the tourism industry is able to buy water at higher prices whereas the poorer population will have more frequent water shortage (Goodwin, 2007). In Tunisia groundwater resources that were important for agriculture were diverted to provide for the tourism industry and thus creating a new problem of dried out land that are unarable and had to be abandoned. The European Tourism Study Group report 2007 conclude that hotels are high consumers of water, as a tourist staying in a hotel uses on average one third more water per day than a local inhabitant. The desalination of sea water on a large scale is a measure affordable to countries with high revenues such as United Arab Emirates and Maldives which have oil resources (Dluzewska, 2008). LAND USE PATTERNS in Tourism: Tourism is being given special attention with respect to its actual and potential impacts in land use (Rico-Amoros, et al., 2008). The tourism distribution is not homogenous for many countries and the different forms and types of tourism have different water requirement (Gossling, 2001). Water consumption by the tourism sector is not well documented by statistics at present. More complete information on water demand of tourism and its different subsector ( second homes, facilities, activities etc,) is needed by state and local authorities to define priorities for water conservation or demand management programs ( Hof. et al, 2011). Rico-Amoros et al. (2008) mentioned that the development of tourism in Mediterranean region is enhancing pressure on water demand because there high numbers of tourists at specific period and summer droughts which further decrease the availability of water. However, from closer study of the different type of tourists, Rico-Amoros et al (2008) found out tha t concentration of tourists such as in hotels tend to use comparatively less water than disperse, low density residential resorts. Hof and Schmitt (2011) found out that increase water consumption is directly related to the low-density residential tourist land use due to outdoor uses such as swimming pools and gardens comparing with tourists in hotels. The research of Hof and Schmitt (2011) concluded that in summer 70% of the total water consumption in the residential tourist areas is used for gardens irrigation which has been identified as the main cause for increase in water consumption. The additional pressure on water use is from individually own swimming pools which accounts for 22 litres/person/day as shown by Hof and Schmitt (2011). Hotels with golf courses were analysed for their water consumption patterns and regression analysis demonstrated that the size and price were important factors that will influence the water use by golf courses (Gopalakrishnan, 2003). Resorts and ho tels golf courses are heavy water users and for small islands the problem is urgent as there is limited resources of drinking water, and thus the water must be judiciously managed ( Graefe and Vaske, 1987). Benchmarks for water use in guest rooms in litres per guest night Good Fair Poor Temperate 250 250-300 >300 Mediterranean 270 270-320 >320 Tropical 300 300-350 >350 Source IBLF WWF-UK (2005) p.19 Mauritius as SIDS: its vulnerability Small Island States are mostly dependent on their natural environment for promoting tourism development but paradoxically the tourism development appear to be a fast track to social and economic development and thus little care is given for the ecosystem (CSD, 1996). The environment impacts of tourism are more consequent in Small Island States due to its limited land space and freshwater resource. Land is use to build infrastructures and facilities for tourists along with hotels and the new trend of residential houses or apartment. Rising prices of building land increase the pressure to build on agricultural land as the tourism sector is more lucrative. In many countries including Mauritius, there has been unchecked construction along the coast whereby the original pristine beauty of these areas has been changed in favour of urbanization since the development of the tourism sector (CSD, 1996). It is only recently that governments are taking measures through legislations to protect th e natural resources and promote sustainable. development. Over the past years, there has been a drastic increase in water demand from the different economic and demographic sectors, which in general is leading the country to a water stressed situation. Mauritius and its water resources According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report, Mauritius is already facing a situation of water stress because it has a supply of 1083 m3 per person per year (based on actual population), which is below the norm of 1 700m3 per person per year. Mauritius is expected to suffer from water scarcity by 2020 with a projected supply of 974 m3 per person per year (based on a projected population of 1 335 000). Although the figures can be interpreted in various ways, they provide an indication of the problems that Mauritius may face in the future regarding water supply. The water sector faces a number of challenges resulting from increasing demand from the different sectors. New dams are planned to be built and reduction in unaccounted for water are being envisaged with big investment in new pipe networks. Diversification of the tourism product-IRS in Mauritius In view to attract more foreign investment Mauritius has recently introduced a new type of development namely the Integrated Resort Schemes (IRS) whereby resorts are being constructed that include hotels, residential villas and golf courses. Since 2005 there has been an increase in the number of resorts and golf courses though the financial crisis has put a halt to this rapid increase. These developments have put further pressure to the scarce water resources. In Mauritius strategies are being put in place to manage the water resources the demand as well as the supply sides. The IRS promotes the concept of residential tourism with second permanent homes for rich retired or rich celebrities. This market diversification has therefore allowed the development of golf, villas, spas and also permanent second homes or residential that have increased the demand of water from the tourism sector. In encouraging this type of development and targeting more and more tourist this will again have a consequences on the water resources. Mauritius depend on a few number of reservoirs and are already under pressure to supply for the domestic, industrial, agricultural and tourism sector. The tourist hotel mainly the large ones have started to have desalination plants to have constant supply of water. Due to high water demand Mauritius has reached almost its limits in terms of underground resources. The table below shows the water requirements till 2050. Table 1:Water requirements in Mauritius (Proag, V., 2006, Water Resources Management in Mauritius. European Water 15/16: 45-57) Available Water resources and climate change could however have an impact on the diversification strategy thereby causing a decline of growth in the tourism sector especially if these water crises are not well managed. (Essex et al, 2004) Residential Tourism or second homes The different types of tourist accomodation and new type of residential tourism do not consume water resources similarly. The golf courses are consuming more and more water for irrigation purposes. A.Hof et al (2011) have shown that outdoor uses such as swimming pools, garden irrigation are also have a high impact on water resources. As determined by a study (Gopalakrishnan and Cox 2003) shows that number of units of swimming pools and golf courses will determine the consumption of water. Aim of paper To develop appropriate strategies for the management of the water resources information on the tourism sector demand for water and the different usage will be required. There is however an information gap with regards to its impact on water resources . This paper will try to show the influence of tourism: hotel, non hotel and residential on the scarce water resources and thereby assist in developing a strategy for a sustainable tourism.

Research Paper-Biometrics -- essays papers

Research Paper-Biometrics â€Å"Biometric technologies are defined as "automated methods of identifying or authenticating the identity of a living person based on a physical or behavioral characteristic."(Source #1) Growing up I loved to watch McGyver. He use to run around and break in and out of military compounds that were equipped with all types of security systems. Somehow he would always find the laser beams, or trick the fingerprint security, or voice activation. During that time biometrics was just beginning to come to the surface. Nowadays systems enabled with fingerprinting security, voice activation, or face recognition have come a long way and are close to fool proof. Biometrics have come even as far to be used at the Super Bowl or other huge sporting events. Cameras have been designed to monitor crowds and be able to take faces and run them through national criminal databases to see if any matches occur. Biometrics is the security of today and tomorrow. In this paper I will explain different types of biometric security systems, mainly fingerprint activation, and give a thourugh explanation of when it was created, who created it, how the product has evolved and where the product is going. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint based identification is the oldest and most familiar method. Fingerprints were first recognised as unique in 1684. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by this pattern of ridges and furrows. The fingerprint scanner captures an image of the fingerprint and uses complex algorithms to either convert the image into a unique "m... ...ve created is a voice activated deadbolt. Never worry about forgetting your keys or leaving them locked in your car. Simply state unlock door, the system searches its database for a match and your in. Voice Security systems have even created voice verification to access your vehicle. The most advanced creation in automobile security. No need for â€Å"the Club† or viper security systems on your vehicle. Simply install a voice verification system on your car and noone will be able to start your car unless their voice sample has been stored in the database. That diagram shows the simple structure of the deadbolt voice verification system. Overall, Biometrics have became security of the future. All three types of biometric technigques that I have explained in this paper each have their advantages and disadvantages over the others but all perform the same goal.

A Critique of Compulsory Schooling :: Education

â€Å"The knowledge of the world is to only to be acquired in the world, and not in a closet.† Thus said Lord Chesterfield, who understood the fact that locking children away is not the best way to teach them. It is a painful reality that students are not being educated, but rather simply being schooled, and most people who understand street slang know that â€Å"to be schooled† is to be beaten down. This terminology is not a coincidence. Compulsory schooling is eliminating society of its most vibrant sources of variety, and teaching children that no work is worth finishing, and that they must depend on someone else’s word in order to survive. John Taylor Gatto, NY State Teacher of the Year in 1991, describes how society is slowly becoming sterile due to a lack of variety – when children are locked away in their classroom prison cells, and senior citizens are locked away in retirement homes, there is no one from which to find an alternating viewpoint. Schools tear children away from their families when they could be using the time to learn something from their parents, or their grandparents. There is a reason why mythological wise characters are always aged, and children are tragically missing prime opportunities to spend time with these experienced individuals. God forbid they should actually learn something that might be applicable to them later in life, as opposed to the standardized material that will be forgotten as soon as the next test is turned in. Schools tear at the very source of variety – the family. If all children are herded up into a single institution, they are less likely to think critically enough to recognize oppression or hypocrisy from the higher-ups (the ones making money). For example, drivers constantly relay stories about how traffic cops have tried to take advantage of them by making up laws and assuming that the offender is not critical enough to question his authority. Tickets are given and fines are paid over false premises, and no one wonders why. People like traffic cops feed off of the ignorance that is pumped out of these schools – indeed, it is often their best source of monetary gain. The victims in these situations always feel absolutely betrayed. However, schools often play out similar scenes, and yet it is rare to find a student who understands this betrayal. They are placed under the supervision of strange adults – many of whom simply go through the motions in order to earn their paychecks – and are expected to place unbending faith in the words that these adults utter.

Mental Illness :: essays research papers

The name The name of my book is Mental Illness by Gilda Berger. Mental illness is a disorder characterized by disturbances in a person’s thoughts, emotions, or behavior. The term mental illness can refer to a wide variety of disorders, ranging from those that cause mild distress to those that severely impair a person’s ability to function. Today, mental illness is considered to range from such ideas as eating disorders to personality disorders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mental illnesses have been reported as far back as to 4000-5000 years ago. The reason scientists believe that mental illness has existed this long is due to anthropologists finding skulls with holes gashed in them. These skulls look very similar to skulls that have had the process of trepanning performed on them. The process of trepanning is simply the surgical procedure of creating a hole in the skull. Scientists believe that this procedure was done in order to let out the evil spirits which doctors thought possessed the mentally ill of this time. The literature of ancient Greece also contains evidence of the belief that evil spirits or demons controlled the mentally ill. Not only the Greeks believed in the evil spirit theory, writings from the early Babylonian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations have also shown evidence that mental illness was believed to be a possession by demons-using beatings, restraint, and starvation to try to drive out the evil spirits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These beliefs somewhat cooled down as time continued to move on, but once again popped up as America was starting to be formed. In 1692 and 1693 the Salem witchcraft trials began. At this point in time mental illness was suggested to be associated with the devil, so those with mental illnesses were thought to be witches. Those who were thought to be witches were given unfair trials and quick death penalties. Many innocent people who simply had a mental disorder were burned at the stake because of the lack of knowledge about this natural disorder. As time moved on, people saw that the mentally ill were not possessed, but that they were simply sick. Rather than kill all of the mentally ill, society decided it would be better to lock them away in a place that would be safe for them which was away from other people. One of the first and most notorious institutions was Bethlehem Hospital. Although Bedlam was founded on high principles it was soon noted as being wild, crowded, noisy, and filthy.

Review on Rosewood

It's something taught from generation to generation, as we can see in the scene where the father of Everett, a white young boy, ask for people to make way for his son to look in a grave full of dead bodies of African Americans, as if he had to be proud of it. The father keeps trying to teach the little boy how to hate and how to mistreat black people, as we see In the part where he teaches his son to tie a hangman's knot and when he forbids the kid to play with his little friend, who Is black.If the racism shown In the movie had an rolling, It could be the Jealousy the white people had of the things the black females owned. In Rosewood, they would run their own business and live In ace, not only with each other but also with some of the white people who also lived there, such as Mr.. Wright, the white grocer, who seemed to like his neighbors. At one point of the movie, a black traveler arrives in town on a horse, and he is considered a key element to the story. Mr..Mann is rich, and bids at the auction by Mr.. Wright, who owns lots of land. At the same time, the population hears something about a black guy who had just escaped prison, so they start wondering if Mr.. Mann is the refugee. He could also be the man who is known to be the one that violated the white woman. The mall scene of the movie shows the part where the white woman Is beaten by her lover. She tells everyone she was violated by a black guy who would have Invaded her house.And she does that, lying to everyone In town, In order to hide her affair from her husband, who was really violent, too. It is clear that it was much easier and convincing for her to make up a story blaming a black guy than just telling the truth and ending up being judged. This attitude made the racist white population search for the invader and, under the excuse of putting an end to any chance of it appending again, they start killing lots of African Americans, starting a massacre.The oppression had taken such a big proportio n that two black women, who were working near the house of the white woman and had also seen it all happening, did not have the courage to tell the truth, afraid of being attacked, and thus they believed they were protecting their families. Although the Information they had was useful, It was already too late for they to tell the truth and save everyone from the butchery. Another Important element in the story are the attitudes of the sheriff of the town, ho was white, and tried Ineffectively to show that he had an Idea of what may have happened, but he wasn't being heard by anyone.Even though he knew that the white of the community, which objective was finding and killing the black invader (and as many black people they could kill). However, there was still hope. Mr.. Mann, who had just arrived in town, was the man who would try and be able to defend the black community, becoming a kind of leader. As he was accused by attacking the white woman, he was hanged. But, somehow, he manag ed to escape from the gibbet, even Hough he was already being hung.After that, he runs to meet the families he left waiting so they could actually run to another place where they would be free. He could, then, be considered a hero, once he managed to save women and children by helping them escape from Rosewood and that is why there was someone left to tell us the real version of the story. The movie is about a important story told in a quite depressive way, not only because it portraits the reality in a sad way, but mainly because it is the reality of a town that was devastated by the violence and inhumanity caused by the racism.

The History Of Earnings Management Accounting Essay

In the last few decennaries the universe economic system has changed. Undoubtedly, major factors on its form had globalisation, concern unity and engineering. These procedures changed the operation of little, medium, and large concerns. In the beginning of twenty-first century there are many dramatic instances that are related to net incomes direction frauds. These events imbalance world-wide economic system ; they bring deficiency of trust to investors for market stock and this leads to misdirect information about net incomes. These false audits and created maltreatments brought an sentiment that shareholders will make perfectly everything to increase their net income. In fact, I have come to believe that net incomes quality is one of the most of import facets in fiscal universe in the present twenty-four hours. Management net incomes play a important function for income statements and balance sheets, as they straight affect stock markets, Bankss, investors, creditors and many fisca l establishments. The intent of this research paper is to reply the inquiry what net incomes direction is and how directors and hearers follow the regulations utilizing the guidelines of this tool. Why is it so of import? Net incomes are an sum of net income that company produce in a certain period of clip. â€Å" Net incomes quality refers to the ability of reported net incomes to reflect the company ‘s true net incomes, every bit good as the utility of reported net incomes to foretell future net incomes † . Fiscal statements are used in cognizing and foretelling the status of the company to be able to do a pick about stocks, notes, and others liquid assets. Fiscal statements besides refer to consistence, stableness and staying power in study net incomes. Accounting does non cognize one simple rating method for ciphering and demoing net incomes. That is why it is so hard to mensurate them and compare them through the markets. Net incomes appear in assorted figures: net income, grosss, ru ning net incomes and etc. Very frequently these factors do non intend anything to anybody and they do non lend for utile information about a company ‘s position. I would wish to reply what grounds and motivations drive directors to net incomes direction. I think that motivations and purposes are really of import and they can impact our ideas that lead to our actions and behaviour. I will so discourse the conceptual model for net incomes direction and its use techniques. In the past old ages audits have put more a stronger focal point on fraud sensing and fraud disincentive. This scrutinizing attempt has started giving better consequences. The legion of net incomes frauds start diminishing. However, there is still a large per centum of companies that use direction net incomes in the incorrect manner, that is why I would wish to demo what technique hearers can utilize in observing fraud in direction net incomes. On history of many frauds and bankruptcies of large houses in the United States and Europe, there has been a rise in involvement of quality of fiscal statements and fiscal studies through hearers. The term, net incomes direction is non new, it has been used in old old ages. Mrs. Katherine Schipper was one of the first who define net incomes direction. She defined it as: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦.purposeful intercession in the external fiscal coverage procedure, with the purpose of obtaining some private addition † ( Schipper ) . Another but more sophisticated account was provided by Healy and Wahlen: â€Å" Net incomes direction occurs when directors use judgements in fiscal coverage and in structuring minutess to change fiscal studies to either misdirect some stakeholders about the implicit in economic public presentation of the company or to act upon contractual results that depend on the reported accounting Numberss † ( Healy and Wahlen ) . In simple words, it is use of a ho use ‘s net incomes ( straight or indirectly ) to run into stockholders and investors outlooks in certain periods of clip. I found many different positions and positions about net incomes direction. I infer that definition of net incomes direction suffers from deficiency of consensus about the definition of net incomes direction. It kindly apprehensible that many bookmans interpret this term otherwise. For many people it is merely a originative managerial resource that shows a company from its best side. Nevertheless, in my sentiment Scott provides the best definition: â€Å" the pick by a director of accounting policies so as to accomplish specific aims. Net incomes direction can be basically classified as either accounting related, affecting the use of accounting records through aggressive or deceitful applications of accounting rules, or operating related, affecting picks made by direction sing the timing of investing or operating activities, with the consequence that repor ted net incomes are influenced by these picks † ( Scott ) . We can acknowledge assorted motivations for net incomes direction. Surely, it is non a safe operation and it binds to put on the line of harm a repute and condemnable duty. Companies will prosecute in this pattern merely if they must and it is their last option and pick. We can choose and place the five the most common motivations for this procedure: stock market benefits, concealing private information, political costs, internal motivations, and doing CEO look better. The stock market relies on information, which means that investors want to cognize the prognosis of the fiscal side of the company before they buy stock. Interaction between those two organic structures is really high because puting in stock is a really hazardous action. Investors frequently invest in successful and potentially profitable houses. Firms need to look good and strong in assorted fiscal analyzes. These elements can easy force houses towards net incomes direction. By run intoing outlook of investors, companies expect higher returns, which will ensue better hard currency flow and stableness for a company. On the other manus, by demoing negative income and pour income statement a house exposes itself to a dramatic lessening in the company ‘s value and capital. Which gives negative stock gross. The stronger inducement so the higher chance that directors will utilize net incomes direction to increase its income, which will hold consequence on better prognosis analysis f or company ( Payne and Robb ) . To sum up, company attack net incomes direction reasonably easily because they want to remain in â€Å" game † and they expect their challenger to make the same thing. Hiding private information is process whereby concealing some information directors achieve their ends. It is hard to explicate the patterns of house ‘s accounting to the public participants. If the investors can non acknowledge a method of accounting they more likely will non put their assets in the house. To better information of the company, directors may follow simpler and clearer methods which result altering in net incomes often ( S. Verbruggen, J. Christaens, and K. Milis ) . The following factor that can act upon fiscal statements is authorities. Tax Torahs and different sorts of authorities ordinances may impact greed for alterations in direction net incomes. Large companies do non desire to large affect by politicians and control by authoritiess. Equally long as politicians do non indicate at houses for deficiency of liquid or inefficient stock portions, companies do they work. Fiscal studies are really frequently tasty morsel for politicians. One of the most influential factors in my sentiment is doing the CEO expression good. It happens because of the greed in people, particularly for CEO or CFO and their compulsions with their repute. It normally exists when a company changes its Chief executive officer or when the CEO retires and he or she likes to go forth good feeling after its direction, which of class consequence in a large sum of fillips. Last illustration of a motivation for net incomes direction is internal motivations. Even if a company does non hold to demo its operations and net incomes to stakeholders or authorities, it can still utilize this powerful tool to make its annual ends and to achieve its public presentation program. I will concentrate now on patterns, process and fast one that directors use. How do houses pull off net incomes? The easiest and the fastest manner to conceal or demo a batch of net income in fiscal informations is by utilizing accumulations. Harmonizing to J. Jones and his work in â€Å" Earnings direction during of import alleviation probes † , most of the companies use unexpected accumulations or really similar to those that they use in their books to do up a difference between its existent assets to its end. He appointed each of their methods to assorted types of classs. Assorted types of these methods are net incomes direction through: specific accumulations, revelation and ‘real action ‘ , cost allotment and construction of dealing which refers to change fiscal informations. The first type of process that a house can utilize is net incomes direction through specific accumulations. It happens really frequently that direction can utilize specific accounting criterions in its fiscal statement because a house can happen itself in particular state of affairss or in particular industry. These specific state of affairss offers more room for different picks of direction because jurisprudence or regulations are non really specific. As a consequence it gives adequate grounds to hike up houses net incomes. This free pick of reading for comptrollers brings attending to hearers and their probes. Examples of these patterns are normally known in Bankss, insurance and belongings industry. In these industries houses can reasonably easy managed loan ‘s losingss, rating of belongings or pensions. The 2nd type of common patterns in net incomes direction is cost allotment. Firms can switch its income by apportioning costs to different activities. It can happen when cost, gross or an point is moved from other subordinates to another country with extra revenue enhancement or a different accounting method. Sometimes houses use charitable organisation to acquire extra options in traveling net incomes. In maintaining with Jones and Robert ‘s research ( 2006 ) † charities use the allotment of joint costs to smooth the plan ration, an frequently used index of charity efficiency † ( Jones and Robert ) . Largely, investors bring their attending to core fiscal informations, that is why it is utile for companies to switch some disbursals from chief fiscal informations to ‘special points ‘ . It happens because in nucleus fiscal information grosss and disbursals are non summed up with grosss and disbursals, for particular points, which can give infinite for net incomes direction. Large part of bookmans agree that income switching through different classs and reinvesting net incomes consequence in optimisation of revenue enhancements and study net incomes. Net incomes direction uses its â€Å" fast ones † through revelation. Directors normally use anterior net incomes sums to measure current net incomes in stock option. Under SFAS No 123 company should acknowledge pro forma stock option as an disbursal but houses manage this as a stock option in a footer. In fact, this pattern can cut down public unfavorable judgment because finally the CEO will counterbalance it and stock ‘s value can reminds the same, high. Back before 2002, multiple houses in United States normally used this process. ‘Real activities ‘ direction has a different intent of net incomes direction than old methods. Firm ‘s existent activities can by equilibrate up and down by altering a construction of dealing to be or non be able to use certain accounting criterions. Form of this pattern can be seen when an organisation cuts its budget, or selling monetary value, or follow just-in-time price reductions. Real use happens when company deviate from normal concern patterns and undertaken with primary aim of run intoing certain thresholds. ( Roychowdhury 2006 ) . Many grounds show that addition in gross revenues consequences in monetary value price reduction giving by companies, engage in overrun cut down cost of goods sold. Everything is a consequences of specific and rigorous end for a house. Besides, really clear illustrations provide just-in-time acceptance alterations in debt and revenue enhancement inducements when an organisation experiences different pattern for LIFO and FIFO tha t relates straight to income smoothing. A different manner of utilizing existent activities is clocking corporation ‘s accounting determinations. Firms give money for charity foundations, which result in grants. The clip spread between sedimentations and payout consequences in possibilities of net incomes direction. Petrovits put it good by stating â€Å" houses with high stock monetary value sensitiveness and little additions in net incomes make the most income-increasing foundation support picks. Firms with increasing net incomes despite of big income-decreasing foundation support picks in the current twelvemonth are more likely to increase net incomes in subsequent periods, consistent with the usage of cooky jar militias and net incomes smoothing † ( Petrovits ) . Relatively, directors can smooth net incomes income by hard currency flow. Playing with accumulations and altering them are most common pattern. Particularly, when discretional accumulations and derived functions accumulations are easy to pull off. If a company ‘s portfolio has a big fanciful sum and lower degrees of discretional accumulations, it will propose that both of those accumulations were modified to smooth net incomes. Is it ethical to utilize net incomes direction? I think that this pattern is likely one of the most of import ethical issues confronting the accounting profession today. Management normally has to make up one's mind either play a just game and seek to remain in frame of accounting regulations or maximising its net income utilizing every tool that directors can utilize. The job is ne'er black or white ; it is more like a gray side of net incomes direction, which can raise ethical issues. In a wide argument about ethical issues in moralss one side claim that: â€Å" net incomes direction undertaken entirely to heighten personal ends is by and large viewed as unethical † and the other side conclude that the moralss are both unethical and ethical, it depends of concern end. Others say that it is wholly unethical. Having said that the ethical effects of pull offing net incomes whether it has positive or negative influence of the moral facets and direction behaviour. Harmonizing to my research, purposes are the most influencing factor for determinations. Which can be subsequently justice as ethical or non. Research by Nelson et all ( 2003 ) concluded that it is common pattern to utilize net incomes direction today. The survey shows that day-to-day activity of companies consequences in cut downing accumulations from old periods, modifying depreciation, postponing measures, gross revenues dealing and altering categorization of income statement. The sample of 515 hearers and their list seems ne'er stoping. I can merely presume that â€Å" little † , â€Å" careless † errors are made every twenty-four hours. Those patterns can take to many effects in the hereafter. Directors can make multiple things to profit a company. These advantages can hold positive and negative results. Stock va lue, bonus pay for directors and etc. are merely on one side of the equation. The other side is more harmful because being detected for fraud will diminish in value of stock, loss of repute for company and direction, and trail for director. â€Å" If net incomes direction is considered unethical by fiscal statement users, so directors ‘ and companies ‘ reputes may endure and companies ‘ credibleness in the fiscal markets may be damaged † ( Kaplan,2001 ) . Kaplan ‘s probe showed that it is hard to make up one's mind if net incomes direction is unethical because we have to look at each instance from assorted position whether it was knowing or non. I inferred that company will ever seek to maximise its net income because it is the whole intent of a map of a company and we have to specify really particular and inside informations regulations to forestall those patterns. By doing clear criterions, comptrollers are able to cut down unethical behaviour to min imum. However, it will ever be something new and something that accounting has non defined yet. In concern everybody needs to happen a balance. I see a demand for schools to learn future hearers and directors about moralss and set up diligent penalties for corrupt comptrollers and supply good audited policies for organisation in concern universes. Many bookmans say that net incomes direction is an issue and a big part of their surveies focuses on the causes, effects and sensing of this topic. Relevant fact in research workers surveies is that defect in net incomes direction is non easy to observe. For sensing hearers use assorted techniques, which are non perfect and normally are miss specified. As I mentioned before accumulations are the most common methods that comptrollers use. It is because ; this method is ready to hand and more flexible than other ( like altering LIFO and FIFO ) . One of the most recognizable techniques is to â€Å" insulate the ‘discretionary ‘ part of the accrual constituent of net incomes † . This technique is really common but still it consists of a deficiency of power because of hapless ability to insulate specific accumulations, which has an unspecified correlativity between variables. Many alternate techniques have been found in recent old ages but they have little betterment ov er this chief method. One of them has a intent for placing discretional accumulations by Dechow and Dichev, 2002. Another method is fiting processs, which helps with misspecification but it is utile merely it matches relevant process with accurate variable. The whole intent of happening work method for sensing net incomes direction is use in accumulations, hearers will confront troubles in sensing of frauds in fiscal statements until they do non happen perfect theoretical account to utilize.Decision: start here delightMany accounting dirts shows importance of believable fiscal coverage. Net incomes direction is really accessible and common in concern in Twenty-one century. Many times when person negotiations about direction net incomes people think that it is something incorrect and negative but it can be really positive and legal. Management net incomes is a tool which aid comptrollers to demo company ‘s fiscal status in favourable manner. Law of accounting modulate many regu lations and state how to construe fiscal jurisprudence. Of class comptrollers have many option to pull strings and smooth their income. However, size of the house has positive impact on net incomes direction because large companies have strong internal control system and good define mechanisms. They besides corporate with CPA houses which they care about their reputes. These elements have decrease chance of earrings direction nevertheless the big companies can besides confront more force per unit area for positive studies. They have wider scope of histories, more bargaining power and stronger power to pull strings net incomes. Surely, motivations are the cardinal elements for net incomes direction. They explain most of directors behavior. Motivations see merely two picks. They are either favourable or no favourable for organisation. I would add something in this paragraph, assist me out my senior! Accounting alterations every twenty-four hours, directors face those alterations in processs every bit good. Government and fiscal organisation should look towards internal issues like audits instead than external factors. Accountants should set more force per unit area on audit because less audit attendings peers more deceitful net incomes direction in concern. Detection in net incomes direction is an of import issue as good and I hope I highlighted that job. It has many restriction and I think that research worker should work on more informations aggregation and less biased methods. In shutting, I recognize an ethical tradeoff throughout organisations. When one house does something rectify and the other sees chance to increases its net incomes even though it can be unethical. The job is that many companies do non look for the long position but short term net income which normally consequences in frauds and unethical behaviour. Net incomes direction is a really sophisticated and powerful tool used normally today.

Cadbury Dairy Essay

Cadbury Dairy milk is in the mature stage of the product life cycle, the reason being is that it is a well-established product since 1905. The maturity point is generally reached when about half the potential users have adopted the product. Since Cadbury Dairy Milk is Australia’s favourite chocolate, it is safe to say that there is already consumer trust and loyalty to the brand. However customers still need continued satisfaction and loyalty, built on lower cost, differentiation or customer service. Seeing that Cadbury chocolate is considered a common brand name in households all over Australia, there is nothing within the external environment that should be modified and it will remain in a strong steady position in the confectionery industry. Product: In order to continue generating sales, Cadbury took into consideration one of the threats that the confectionery industry is facing today. Consumers are becoming more health conscious; therefore Cadbury will support and promote physical activity by giving away mountain bikes to 100 lucky winners around Australia! The promotion will only feature in the Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate block range: including the Fruit and Nut, Hazelnut etc†¦ Featured on the wrapping will be, â€Å"WIN A MOUNTAIN BIKE† with a picture of the bike that will be won. Price: The pricing of Dairy Milk Chocolate will also maintain the same pricing strategies to remain competitive with its competitors Nestle and Mars. Place: The distribution of Cadbury Dairy Milk should be at its maximum capacity, remaining readily available in supermarkets, convenience stores, seven elevens and kiosks. Promotion: Cadbury should continue to generate promotions to remind and encourage consumers to purchase Dairy milk chocolate. In order to maintain the sales of Dairy Milk, sales promotion should be implemented to generate growth. This is done by creating advertisements on Television and in-store promotional posters to display the promotion that is running. The television and in-store promotion is to inform consumers of the promotion that is currently running. The sales promotion will be â€Å"WIN A MOUNTAIN BIKE† This promotion is for the Cadbury Dairy Milk block chocolate range. Every consumer that purchases a block range from Cadbury’s will have the opportunity to enter the competition by text via SMS a code that is given inside the wrapper. f. ) Marketing Action Plans: A key objective is to hold current customers and to maintain and increase the retail and brand market share to make sure that the Cadbury brand and products remain one of the top selling confectionery brands in Australia. Since Cadbury Dairy Milk is in the top five selling chocolates list, there will be no need for any tremendous change. A good way to promote The other Cadbury block chocolate range such as Fruit and nut and Hazelnut†¦etc will also have his competition. Price: Cadbury’s human resources department will need to find a place that will provide us with the mountain bikes. The costing of the bikes and the overall promotions will need to be considered, as Cadbury does not want to spend so much on promotions, when Cadbury Dairy Milk is not declining any time soon. Promotion: Pictures of this new competition will need to be put in magazines such as: Women’s day, News Idea, newspapers†¦. etc†¦designers will be needed to create the advertisements for this promotion. However, to promote Cadbury Dairy Milk’s new competition, television is the key to ensure that viewers all around Australia will know about the â€Å"WIN A MOUNTAIN BIKE† promotion. As television is the main and preferred type of advertising, it is certain that consumers will know about the competition faster. And in addition to that, the Cadbury chocolate commercials will still be showing, to heighten promotions. It is best to air the promotion on television between 4:00 pm – 9:00pm, since that is the time when consumers are most likely to be at home. Place: The exposure of Cadbury Dairy Milk promotion will need to be more publicized in convenience stores and kiosks in the form of a poster. g. ) Management of the marketing effort and the marketing function: In order to make sure that they marketing effort and function works accordingly a few steps have to be taken in regards to the management of the planning. The three step process that will have to be put in place will be based around †¢Marketing Implementation –The process of putting marketing strategies into action †¢Intended Strategy The strategy that the company decides on during the planning phase †¢Realized Strategy – The strategy that actually takes place Cadbury must be able to respond and adapt to its internal marketing department. Coordinating internal exchanges between the firm and its employees to achieve successful external exchanges between the firm and its customers is very important as it allows for a gauge or a measure to be received as a result of acceptance and understanding. In regards to the marketing activities it all starts within the Cadbury management team. The ability to motivate marketing personnel plays a large part in the initial process to get the promotional idea off the ground, once the team is able to have a grip of the idea that tackles the current health issue and that a bike will be awarded as a prize and health product then extreme communication within the marketing unit will be essential. Openness and responsiveness from other marketing departments will be just as important to make sure that the management and strategy travels across all channels. This will be indispensable to the organizing and coordinating of marketing activities which then lead to a schedule for implementation. The marketing control process consists of three steps; Establishment of control standards, Evaluation of actual performance relative to established standards and corrective action if necessary. A few key guidelines that will help Cadbury in controlling marketing activities: Within the Marketing Control Process †¢Establishing performance standards and trying to match actual performance to those standards Establishing Performance Standards Expected levels of performance †¢Taking Corrective Action oImprove actual performance oReduce or change the performance standards oDo both †¢Problems in Controlling Marketing Activities oLack of the information required to control activities oUncontrollable influence of market environment changes on marketing activities oTime lag that occurs between marketing campaigns and their results delays corrective actions A few problems can also occur in the controlling of marketing activities, however the ability to act on these problems will only make the campaign more successful and responsive.