The Death of the Net Generation has Been Greatly Exaggerated :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Death of the Net Generation has Been Greatly Exaggerated America's youngest generation, the "Net Generation", is not destined to become the sex-addicted, morally bankrupt, heroin-overdosing generation that many media types have forecasted it will be. As a member of this "Net Generation", or an N-Gener, I know first hand what the values of my generation are, and I know what the future may hold. It is in this respect that I agree with the author of Growing Up Digital, Don Tapscott. Despite the vast array of negative uses for the Internet, there is an equal upside to this form of communication that gives me great hope and confidence in the Net Generation. Tapscott describes the changing ways that N-Geners think, and he sums them up in three points. N-Geners have a greater acceptance for diversity, are a curious generation, and have great self-reliance and assertiveness. If this is truly the way minds are changing, I'm happy to be a part of it. Since there is no way to tell who people are when they're online, people have to be accepted for who they are. As the author said, "You may be [something] else...like an inanimate object. The fact that you're communicating with a toaster is not important--it's what the toaster has to say" (Tapscott, p. 86). N-Geners learn to think about what a person says oftentimes without knowing who said it, thus eliminating any possible bias. N-Geners' being a curious generation is perhaps easier to understand. The Internet is a completely new and ever-changing world, creating endless possibilities for exploration. This vast world of information has proven inviting to kids, making the new generation a curious one. Self-reliance and assertiveness are other important qualities gained from the Net. There are web sites for all sorts of purposes, from fantasy football to free speech. The latter gives an interesting example of how methods of assertiveness have evolved. These web sites are "the digital equivalent of the 1960s petition" (Tapscott, p. 87). In other words, the ideals haven't changed drastically from 1960 to Y2K, just the methods of expression (and on another level, the ease of expression). Internet-based self-reliance comes from the independent nature of the computer. It is a single console designed for use by a single person. When on the Internet, people decide where to go and what to do entirely on their own, and that idea has been firmly engrained in the minds of N-Geners.

Kuhnian Model

KUHNIAN MODEL According to many science is a steady progression of accrual of new ideas but to Kuhn science was as a result of occasional revolutionary explosions of new knowledge whereby each revolution was triggered by introduction of new ways of thought that were so large that he called them paradigms. These paradigms according to Kuhn were supposed to generally recognize scientific achievements, present model problems and solutions for group of researchers. A paradigm is supposed to describe; * How the outcome of most scientific investigations should be interpreted. * What is to be observed and scrutinized? The kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject. The Kuhnian model consists of five main steps which include: * Prescience- it has no workable paradigm to guide its work successfully. * Normal science- it is a normal step where the field has a scientifically based model of understanding a paradigm that works * Model drift- here the model of understanding starts to drift. This is due to accumulation of anomalies and events the model cannot explain. * Model crisis- the previous step becomes so excessive the model is broken.It can therefore no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving. Any attempts to patch the model up to work will fail hence the field is in anguish. * Model revolution-it immediately becomes considerable when serious candidates for a new model emerge; it is referred as a revolution because the new model is so drastically poles apart from the previous one. * Paradigm change-here the field changes from the old to the new paradigm because a new one emerges. This new paradigm then becomes the normal science and the khunian model is complete. HOW IT WORKSThe new fields normally begin in prescience where they have begun to focus on a problem area but are not yet capable of making major advances. Working techniques that later provide a model of understanding eventually works hence t his will put the field in normal science step. In this step it takes longer. As time passes by new questions arise but the current model of understanding cannot answer this puts it in the model drift step. The model crisis step is reached later if the anomalies appear and the model cannot be patched up to explain them unfortunately it tends to fail due to guesswork and intuition.At long last the model revolution begins. It is a revolution because the new model is a new paradigm. It’s radically different from the old paradigm. This makes the believers in both paradigms not to communicate well. The paradigm change step begins when the new paradigm is settled on by a few influential supporters. After field transitions from the old to the new paradigm occur the old paradigm is sufficiently replaced and becomes the field’s new normal science. Guess what happens next? The cycle begins again because our knowledge about the world is never complete. References The structure of Scientific Revolutions- Thomas. S. Kuhn

What Does You Do You - 1957 Words

Imagine yourself as a freshman in high school. It is much different than middle school and elementary in the sense that the way students interact and socialize are different. A fellow classmate comes up you and invites you to a junior house party. So you accept the invitation not knowing what to expect. In your feverish mind, the only experience you have with parties are birthday parties with adult supervision. So you go to the house party and once you step in the door, a strong aroma hits you. You don’t know what it is but the stench is horrendous! You enter the living room you see sixteen and seventeen year olds drinking alcohol. Shocked and feeling very uncomfortable, you make your way to the kitchen and you are baffled by the sight of your fellow classmate playing beer pong. Someone offers you a drink and you take one, you don’t like the taste, but in fear of being socially rejected, you continue drinking. What confuses you more is the host children and their parent s are drinking! They are completely oblivious to the fact that minors are inducing alcohol into their developing bodies. Unfortunately, innocent kids are faced with situations where they are in a fight with peer pressure doing something that is uncommon for their age group. Kids are in a rush to grow up and become the adult that they perceive it to be. They do not realize the harm that they are doing to their bodies at such a young age. This type of behavior is starting to become a common entity in young ageShow MoreRelatedWhat Does You Do You?1657 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom those reactions, and the actions and choices that are made based on the knowledge gained from those experiences are what modify and hack into one s identity. Experiences and character interaction are the walls needed to make the rooms of action and choice, which then form the house of identity. The actions that one makes in the situations presented to them in life are what mold and form their identity and event ually who one is. By growing up, one continues to have refreshing experiences thatRead MoreWhat Does You Do?1330 Words   |  6 Pages Think back to your youngest memory. Can you imagine every detail vividly in your mind? Can you remember what prompted you to take part in such a story and what knowledge of your environment inspired you to act? Most likely you cannot. You probably can relive a moment, but the trivial aspects seem to have been brushed over and revised a few too many times to be considered the actual memory. Why is this? A probable reason for this is the notion of education. Education provides individuals, like yourselfRead MoreWhat Does You Do? Essay2035 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Every day we seem to make and act upon all kinds of free choices- some trivial, and others so consequential that they make change the course of our life. But are these choices really free? Or are we compelled to act the way we do by factors beyond our control?†(Pink cover). Every day as our eyes are opened in the mornings we are faced with various decision and consequence. One can choose to stay in bed for an extra five more minutes sleep which will turn into thirty minutes more ofRead MoreWhat Does You Do You Need?1352 Words   |  6 Pagesskin. She was already dressed, with her hair done and her casual day outfit all put together. â€Å"Sue? You up?† â€Å"Yes. What do you need?† I asked. â€Å"How’s your arm feeling?† â€Å"Fine. Like always.† â€Å"On a scale from 1 to 10?† She asked. â€Å"7.† â€Å"That bad? Want to take motrin?† â€Å"No I’m fine.† I replied. She left without another word. I grudged out of bed, with my wrist aching. I broke my arm, in case you wondered. It was 4 days before summer break. I was in 1st grade and was walking off of a playground backwardsRead MoreWhat Does You Do You Know Yourself?816 Words   |  4 Pagesthough you have found your â€Å"soulmate†, there can be questions. With the divorce rate on the rise, many couples are left wondering if the choice they made so many years ago was correct. In order to help figure out if you have married the wrong person, and to gain an understanding of how such a thing could happen, consider the following: ââ€"  How well do you know yourself? This is a question we should all ask ourselves when making the decision to commit our lives to another person. If you are unableRead MoreWhat Does You Do For Your Life?1511 Words   |  7 PagesEver since I was a little girl I always knew that I wanted to help people. However, at the time, I had no clue what that meant. If you were to ask a five-year-old what they wanted to do for the rest of their life they will probably reply with some exotic career, regardless of the dangers. They tend to ignore all the downsides because five-year-olds are certainly not thinking of the pay, schooling, or how much work it will take to achieve their goal. Instead they think about how cool or fun it wouldRead MoreWhat Does You Do Outside Of The Classroom?977 Words   |  4 Pagesgrades and smiling and nodding at your professor (even when you may not understand a concept). Success is found in what you do outside of the classroom. How are you studying on your ow n? Are you making the most of resources available to you on campus? Are you being flexible and open minded? Are you participating in activities that will benefit your future career goal(s)? DOS Form support system Be aware of your support system. If you do not have one, form one really fast. This system can includeRead MoreCreative Feedback : What You Do You Live With? Who Is Responsible For Most Of The Chores870 Words   |  4 Pageson brand communication. o Please tell me a little bit about yourself? What do you love to do? o QUICK: Who do you live with? Who is responsible for most of the chores in the household? II. CREATIVE FEEDBACK: 4 IDEAS Four Concept areas will be explored MONADICALLY (one at a time), and rotated to avoid bias. Each concept will be presented twice to ensure comprehension. Moderator to explain to participants: You are going to see four different ideas, and we will spend our time togetherRead MoreJeannette Walls And The Glass Castle1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Our parents. Our inspirations. Who we look up to. People who could never do wrong. But what would you do if your parents did something so wrong that they could be arrested? Or perhaps they did something unacceptable but you didn’t know anything more? Jeannette Walls deals with this throughout her childhood as represented in The Glass Castle. Her parents challenge the social norms and expectations with their uncommon lifestyle and teachings. While doing so, they put their children inRead MoreDoes Religion Affect The United States? Why? Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesaccept that everyone doesn’t see things the way we do. 2. What place does religion have in punishment? Give examples. Does religion play a role in our justice system? How? I believe, religion has played a part in justice and punishment, in some way, in every country, including ours. No matter, what your religion, you have probably heard these quotes, â€Å"Vengeance, is mine sayeth the Lord,† or â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you.† Some countries continue the same punishments as

Essay about Reciprocity in Anthropology - 2137 Words

The way every being experiences the world around us is mostly constructed by the culture we are exposed to and brought up in. The world makes sense to us because of the ways culture influences our perception. We experience the world around us in a time, space, and mentality that are built solely by culture. The Kaluli are a tribal clan from Highland New Guinea who experience their lives through reciprocity. The way the Kaluli form relationships amongst one another, communicate, and practice their everyday lives is based through gift-giving and reciprocity. The Kaluli are socially dependent beings who have constructed a social mechanism in which everyone participates in the art of reciprocity to maintain and build these social relations†¦show more content†¦By compensating oneself through aggressive manners, the Kaluli are able to make sure that no one is pushed further than the other, and that at all times everything is equal. (Schieffelin, p.136) â€Å"Such interventions, which were quiet common, seem aimed more at allowing the interaction to conclude properly than with scolding or punishing the offender.† (Schieffelin, p.137) Thus, in the Gisaro ritual it is appropriate for a host to be angered by the performer and react in an aggressive manner. By performing the Gisaro, both the visitors and the hosts of the occasion share the exchange of emotion and ritual duties. Like the Gisaro, the Kaluli people partake in many other traditional ceremonies that show the reciprocity of food, labour, and duties. In marriage there is an abundance of gift-giving and labour sharing which involves both the groom and the bride’s family. When a bride is chosen, the groom must compensate the bride’s family with brides-wealth, and both sides begin to part-take in many ceremonies. (Schieffelin, p.26) One side will bring the other many fruits and meat, and then the other side will return the favour by doing the same, creating an on-going cycle of food-g iving. (Schieffelin, pg. 26) Food is continuously exchanged and prepared by both in-laws because it is one of the best methods the Kaluli use to form and maintain social relations with their in-laws and family. â€Å"Food as gift orShow MoreRelatedWhy Do Anthropologists Study Gift Giving?1682 Words   |  7 PagesWhy study Gifts? The anthropology of gifts has been mostly studied in the context of non-Western cultures. The important roles of gift giving were highlighted by classical anthropologists such as Malinowski, Mauss and Levi-Strauss. They stressed the significance of reciprocity and obligation suggested in gift exchange and that gift giving is a one practice of material expression that integrates a society. Gift giving is essential to the studies of many anthropological debates such as sociabilityRead MoreEconomic Behavior And Its Effects On Society1367 Words   |  6 PagesKatelyn Cathcart ECON 100-01 Hamilton December 11, 2014 Economies According to Anthropology Humans have been evolving the way they live for centuries. With the billions of people that live on the planet today, it would be no surprise that people across the globe have varied ways in which they live. These lifestyles can be as old as those our ancestors thousands of years ago had practiced, to the mechanized practices we see in 21st century Western societies. Communities can be categorized into oneRead MoreStone Age Economics3773 Words   |  16 Pages â€Å"If economics is the dismal science, the study of hunting and gathering economies must be its most advanced branch† (Sahlins 1972: 1). Stone Age Economics is one of the well-known books in the subfield of economic anthropology provided by an American cultural anthropologist, Marshall Sahlins. This book is a slight representation in the literature dealing with ‘primitive’ or ‘tribal’ economic life. This book consists of a series of chapters that lacks a proper conclusion of Sahlins discoveriesRead MoreThe Anthropology Of Welfare And Social Protection809 Words   |  4 PagesDuring my current position as a Teaching Associate (and Affiliated Lecturer) I wrote and delivered the core second-year course of eight lectures, and facilitated eight MPhil seminars, in Economic Anthropology. I also wrote and delivered two lectures concerning the anthropology of welfare and social protection, supervised over forty students for the papers SAN1, SAN2, S5 and SAN8, and supervised an undergraduate dissertation. My effectiveness as a lecturer is attested by a quantitative evaluationRead MoreWhat Are The Fou r Primary Types Of Human Adaptation?1685 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1. 4. What are the four primary types of human adaptation? Why has their interrelationship been particularly important for the human species? Anthropology recognizes four primary types of human adaptation: genetic change, developmental adjustment, acclimatization and cultural adaptation. Individuals may develop a successful adaptation with the help of biological evolution. i.e. genetic change, that is caused by the constant environmental stress, experienced by many generations. It is a well-knownRead MoreComparing The Endicotts And Dettwylers Ethnographies1773 Words   |  8 Pages1. Compare and contrast the Endicotts’ and Dettwyler’s ethnographies. What are the objectives? How they reflect on the goals of anthropology? What are the shortcomings of each? The Headman Was a Woman (collaboratively written by both Kirk M. Endicott and Karen L. Endicott) and Dancing Skeletons: Life and Death in West Africa (written by Katherine A. Dettwyler) both have anthropological focuses on the cultures and practices of various tribes from different countries, however, their accounts andRead MoreWorld Wars And The Great Depression1059 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieving that the market is the rational way of circulating goods or allocating resources. The market society, rather than inevitable outcome, like all economies, is a mere historical contingency. Historical and anthropological evidence shows how reciprocity, redistribution and exchange have mixed and co-existed with social arrangements, and that each one of these interactions has taken on different forms, meanings and social functions for the participants. These economic interactions were often governedRead MoreThe Full Time Position Of Teaching Associate960 Words   |  4 Pagesundergraduat e students on the following papers: SAN1, SAN2, SAN8, and S5 (SAN6). In addition to supervising, I have written and delivered eight core second year lectures on Economic Anthropology and two lectures on the anthropology of welfare and social protection. I have also c0-facilitated eight MPhil seminars in Economic Anthropology and a five-day MPhil workshop on social anthropological research methods. While I have dedicated much of my vacation time to my own research, I have solely concentrated duringRead MoreAnthropology Is The Study Of Humanity959 Words   |  4 PagesThough Anthropology is the study of humanity, early anthropologists only focused on men during their ethnographic research of various cultures, leaving out women and children. Anthropology has adapted allowing modern anthropologists to focus on all members of society. Considering men were the focus of the discipline for so long, you would not expect there to be a gap in such a fundamental aspect of human evolution, men as fathers. In Embodying Culture, Tsipy Ivry, writes that, generally, an IsraeliRead MoreMbuti People of Zaire2211 Words   |  9 PagesGenerally they lack formal patterns of ranking and stratification, place no restriction on the number of people capable of exercising authority or occupying positions of prestige and have economies which are based on generalized reciprocity† (Fabbro, 1978). The reciprocity aspect of the Mbuti people social organization is important in them maintaining good relationship with villager. Villagers provide the Mbuti with foods from their gardens in exchange for needed materials from the forest. The

Reflection - 1218 Words

Reflection on your personal development Reflection is a major factor in developing self-awareness to improve services provided to everyone around me, this is to develop my own understanding in realising the good and bad made previously. Moving forward with a better understanding, as well as rectifying the mistake whilst recognizing the good points, (Horton-Deutsch and Sherwood, 2008). Working in a domiciliary setting and visiting vulnerable adults within their homes, I am constantly trying to provide a better service and care towards them and this is where reflection is crucial as this improves the quality of my job performance, providing me with a learning curve for the future. Since starting the course there have been many†¦show more content†¦Jackson and Thurgate, (2011) have stated PDP plan and a SWOT analysis enables support workers to focus their workplace activities on achieving structured and achievable goals this will help analysis the reality of reaching their target. Reflecting on time management is important due to the service users well-being and so Bach and Ellis (2011) have mentioned that in order to progress further, I need to achieve time framed tasks, valuing the importance of time is vital to developing better time management. Leading me to build confidence gradually and this also helps me work well within a team. Partaking in small group meetings to encourage my communication, linking theory to practice, also thinking before speaking, positive attitude with good breathing techniques will assist in better confidence within myself for future in practice and in university. At work, there are policies and procedures in place, if any incident occurs and there are also self-evaluation forms and reflective supervisions with the manager every three months in order to be able to reflect on ourselves in practice. While in practice a service user had to wait for a while before we could attend to him because of miscommunication between the multidisciplinary team. This short falling could have been avoided,Show MoreRelatedReflection1650 Words   |  7 PagesIan-Bradley Tancred This essay analyses and describes what reflection is and how it supports your personal and professional learning. It elaborates upon how and why recognizing your strengths and weaknesses are important and how they can enhance lifelong learning. It describes what arguments and assertions are, what the differences are between them and which one is better. Debnath describes reflection as a means of self-examination to learn from knowledge and experiences which will help transformRead MoreReflection1479 Words   |  6 PagesReflections Both simple and complex reflections were used. A simple reflection used towards the beginning of the interview transpired into, â€Å"pretty active out doing a lot of things.† Alternatively, a complex reflection used when reflecting on Sarah’s feelings about what her friends think about her not socializing subsisted of, â€Å"it bothers you thinking about them, wondering about your intentions.† I used twice as many complex reflections as simple reflections. Unfortunately, I should have usedRead MoreReflection On The Word Reflection 701 Words   |  3 PagesFor me the word ‘reflection’ means taking time to really dig deep into my thoughts, to contemplate something meaningful and significant, to make a decision that often involves me and my future. It has a personal and emotional connection. Daudelin (1996) uses the word ‘reflection’ to encourage managers to create time to recognise the value of learning from past and current work s ituations (‘experience’) and to adapt this learning to new situations. I would prefer to choose the words ‘thought’ or ‘consideration’Read Morereflection703 Words   |  3 Pageshelpful/ inspiring. Your completed template form and content should be a CRITICAL reflection of the paper/ chapter content but NOT merely summarize what you have read. TEMPLATE FOR REFLECTIONS ON EXPERIENCES DATE: PLACE: The experience 1. What experience are you reflecting on (class session, project group meeting, particular piece of reading, other)? Give a brief account of this experience. 2. 3. Reflections on Experience 4. 2. Looking back, what was particularly memorable/ interestingRead MoreReflection Of Illusion1635 Words   |  7 Pages Shattering a Reflection of Illusion I stare blankly at the blinking caret. Propped up snugly against three quilted pillows and one calculus textbook is my laptop. To be more specific, a laptop opened to an empty Microsoft Word document. Writing a speech is no easy task, but writing a valedictory address is like playing darts with spaghetti. Humbly accepting the position as the class valedictorian, I have been graced with the task of writing an excerpt that would fill my classmates’ hearts withRead MoreNursing reflection.12855 Words   |  52 PagesReflective Essay This essay will look at reflection on a critical incident that has promoted a positive outcome. It is not a very major incident but it stands out as it has a potential for learning. This essay will identify and explain Johns (1994) model of reflection and explain what reflection is and why reflective practice is necessary and how it can be used. Schone (1983) recommended reflection on critical incidence as a valuable term, sited in Ghaye and Lillyman (1997) a critical incidentRead MoreReflection Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesintegral part of nursing. It will also demonstrate how reflection enabled me to make sense of and learn from this experience, as well as identify any further learning developments needed to improve my practice and achieve the level of competency needed for when I qualify as an assistant practitioner. While discussing the knowledge underpinning practice, evidence based literature will be reviewed to support my discussion and for the purpose of reflection the essay will be written in the first person. SpouseRead MoreReflection On Self Development Through Reflection1854 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough reflection is a key issue of education and learning (Kennison, 2012), where you learn through experience (Tashiro, Shimpuku, Naruse and Matsutani, 2013), learn to self-evaluate (Duffy, 2013), identify gaps in knowledge and detect where further training or study is required to improve practice (Olarerin, 2013). Ultimately reflection is thought to be constant learning from practice, thus refining knowledge and experiences and putting them into practice (Naidoo, 2013). Within my reflection examplesRead MoreReflection Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesI determined that I needed a new interest, something to keep my mind engaged and challenged. I enrolled in the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) through the Columbia Southern University (CSU) just for fulfillment. This reflection assignment exercise proves to be the catalyst for my future college endeavors. The assignment to reflect on DBA program dreamed of taking steps towards realizing those ideas and course accomplishments right now. Due to time some course assignments, I will embrace,Read MorePersonal Reflection756 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal reflections are characterized as learning through experience in gaining new insights and changed perception of self and practices. Reflection can be a difficult experience without the support and guidance of an expert (Johns, 2004). This personal reflection presents an exciting opportunity for me to consider how successful my placement in the intermediate care has been in terms of my own personal learning. By reflecting on the positive aspects of the placement, I will be able to make sense

Advanced Microeconomics Economics - Click to Free Sample

Questions: 1. Examine the difference between the traditional law of state responsibility and international human rights law. 2. Analysis and differentiate between public act and the act of public officials by employing the act of state rule. Answers: 1. In this particular context, the assessment and analysis is conducted on the traditional law of state responsibility and international human rights law, and find out the differences between the traditional laws of state responsibility and international human rights law (Allott, 2002). Here, in this study a clear comparison is observed about the scope and nature of law between state responsibility and international human rights law with the help of the given case study. Here in the given case it is observed that when in 1979, the Nicaragua government of General Anastasio Somoza obliterated by the Sandinista revolutionaries, as normally happened the members of old government were compelled to escape from their respective country so that they can avoid the justice of the revolutionaries. However, initially the defeated aristocracies emigrated to London and Paris at the end they got shelter at Miami. One of the emigrants from Nicaragua was Mrs. Josefine Navarro de Sanchez. Mrs. Sanchez was wife of minister of defence of former government, lodge a case in a United State court against the Banco Central, the central bank of Nicaragua as a cheque of $1500, 000, which was issued to her by the said bank just before the fall of former Government cannot be en-cashed in the session of new government (Fox, 2008). She lodged the suit for passing an order to honour the cheque. However, the court verdict was different; instead of giving an order to honour the cheque, the court dismissed the suit. Then Mrs. Sanchez appealed, the basic issue of that appeal was that a citizen of a nation could lodge case against the organizations of the citizens own nation for cheating or charge the organization for contractual violation in the court of different nation. However, traditional international law deals with the sovereign state not between the states and individuals (Loveland, 2012). According to the law if citizen of a country, is harmed by the citizen or organization of another cou ntry then international law can be applied. However, where the petitioner and the con are from the same country, the international law cannot help. Owing to this, recently several amendments are implemented in international law, inspired by the international human rights. 2. There is a huge difference between the public act and the act of public officials state rule and a critical analysis is considered in this particular study and the proper evaluation is also done as per the given case study. The analysis is carry out on public act and the act of public officials and find out the differences between the public act and the act of public officials by using the act of state doctrine. In the specified case study, it is observed that the company W. S. Kirkpatrick Co., administrated by Harry Carpenter, gave 20% commission to the officials of Nigerian Government (Raic, 2002). The commission had given via a Nigerian citizen Tundu Akindele and his companies for a contract of construction an aero medical centre and for supplying the related equipments to the medical centre at Kaduna, which is an Air Force Base in Nigeria. Another bidder, who participated in the bid but not succeed was Environmental Tectonics Co. Somehow the Environmental Tectonics Co., learn t that W. S. Kirkpatrick Co., gave commission to the officials for accomplish the contract, they brought the matter to the Nigerian Air Force and United State Embassy in Lagos. After subsequent investigation conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Attorney of New Jersey file a case against Mr. Carpenter and the company W. S. Kirkpatrick Co. The charge was violation of foreign corrupt practice and charge was implemented by the act of Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977 (Shaw, 2003). The court found both Mr. Carpenter and his company guilty. Then the respondent carried this case in the United States District Court of the District of New Jersey against Carpenter, Akindele and the company W. S. Kirkpatrick Co., demanding compensation under act of the Racketeer influenced and Corrupt Organization Act., the Robinson- Patman Act., New Jersey Anti-racketeering Act. The perpetrators tried to discharge the complaint under the Rule 12(b) (6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on the basis of the argument that the action was debarred the act of state doctrine (Smith, 2011). Surprisingly the court verdict for the perpetrators instead of the respondent as the respondent could not proof the perpetrators guilty. In this process, the perpetrators released however they committed corruptions. References Allott, P. (2002).The health of nations. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Fox, H. (2008).The law of state immunity. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. Loveland, I. (2012).Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Raic, D. (2002).Statehood and the law of self-determination. Hague: Kluwer Law International. Shaw, M. (2003).International law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Smith, R. (2011).Textbook on International Human Rights. Oxford: OUP Oxford.

British Petroleum

Question: BP was a member of the Seven Sisters collective of international oil companies in the 1970s. Write an essay on BP and Discuss both the attractions and disadvantages of BP as a possible take-over target, and identify the most probable bidders for BP. Give some examples of the problems that face these potential bidders. Answer: Introduction The study is having in depth discussion about the strategies adopted by British Petroleum, that is, BP for achieving their target. As mentioned by Albrechtsen and Besnard (2014), British Petroleum is one of the biggest public sector companies which are famous of oil and gas related activities. Some of the major activities which British Petroleum performs are exploration, production of oil and gas. The headquarter office of British Petroleum is located in London, England. Apart from this, study is having focus on different strategies adopted by BP regarding their target and other. With the help of this study, the impact of low oil price strategy adopted by BP is also analyzed. British petroleum is also known for their good quality of services, oil and gas products. In context to this Chanysheva and Biryukova (2015) commented, regarding their business activities they follow strategy for tender and bidding. The study is having identification of most apparent bidder and the characteristic required for perfect bidder. The analysis of issues regarding bidder and other process of BP is also focus point of this study work. Moreover, the Britain is planning to retain their imperial oil and gas company, that is, British Petroleum (Grunskoy and Perkhutkin, 2014). The strategies and planning which British has done to maintain ownership their imperial organization is analyzed in this study. Strategies adopted by BP for achieving the targets As mentioned by Glau et al. (2014), the strategies adopted British Petroleum for achieving their target is short term as well as long term strategies. Some of the major strategies adopted are proper goal setting, SMART strategy and others. With the help of these strategies British Petroleum tries to set proper goal and follow effective procedures. The SMART strategy used by British Petroleum is as; specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. The target regarding their each employee as well as overall is decided prior to strategy adoption methods. In relation to this Grondin et al. (2014) stated, with the help of target decided by organization strategies are implemented. On the other hand, British Petroleum tries to follow SMART strategy for attaining their target. As stated by Grunskoy and Perkhutkin (2014), with the help this strategy the person which will be involved in its operation and others are also identified. For example, to achieve the target of oil and gas production, only the experts are involved. Under the specific step the goal setting is done with the help of operation category. On the other hand, the target and strategy for each and every task of BP is different. That is, the strategy for production, exploration, sales and other activities are different. As mentioned by Jacoby (2012), if the target decided by manager or organization is not specific and measurable. Then the strategies followed should be realistic and effective regarding their operation. They try to complete their each activity on time, that is, on time completion of activities and task are their main focuses. In addition to this, the managers of British petroleum also try to motivate their employees regarding on time task completion. According to opinion of Javah erdashti et al. (2014), with the help of long term strategies BP tries to increase their sustainability and others. They also focus on their relationship with stakeholder and shareholders. In perspective to this Krupa (2013) stated, some of the other strategies adopted by British petroleum for achieving their target is; effective motivational strategy, proper work life balance and other. The main focus of British Petroleum is exploration, production of oil and gas, so the employees involved in their operation belong to different beliefs and views (Albrechtsen and Besnard, 2014). The motivational and managerial theories adopted by managers of BP managers are implemented taking into consideration their employees and other factors. Apart from this, the some of the in house strategies which helps in achieving the target are; ay structure, effective communication method, training programs and others. As stated by Lebedko (2014), these strategies are considered as short term strategy, that is, BP managers try to implement updated and effective strategies. On the other hand, with the change in operation and environment these strategies are changed. Identification of most apparent bidder for BP In context to this Linde et al. (2013) stated, the bid will be suitable if they are having lowest bidding price. They also provide best services as well as after services in that price only. The main feature on which selection of apparent bidder is dependent is; they should have lowest completion time of project. In case of British Petroleum the bidders the most probable bidder is that consist of proper information regarding the completion and process of project. They should also have good and positive reviews from their past clients related to projects (Grunskoy and Perkhutkin, 2014). The main task for which British Petroleum requires bidding and tendering process are retaining the ownership. That is, Britain government or other organization when bid for retaining the ownership of BP. As mentioned in the case study, BP has incurred huge amount of money and costs which may affect the bidding process. The cost incurred by BP can affect the operation of both the companies and others, that is, bidder organization or Britain government. In case if Britain government tries to retain their ownership on BP then the cost incurred by them will affect the economy of Britain. In addition to this, it will also impact the business related market share of Britain. On the other hand, in case of bidder organization, the cost incurred by BP will impact their profit share, operation and others. In perspective to this Linde et al. (2013) stated, the organization who is incurring huge amount of cost if retained or acquired can affect the working, rules, regulation and other factors of the organization. As mentioned by Rodriguez and Soeder (2015), the most important characteristic on which selection of bidder is dependent is; low price and less completion time. For example, if British Petroleum wants to give their ownership to any other organization or government. Then they will try to start bidding process for it. In this case the bidder will be selected with the help of proper analysis and evaluation process. The bidders have to work in proper manner and with the proper coordination with host organization. The previous review is also analyzed in this process, to evaluate the bidder organization best points. Moreover, the report submitted by bidder is the main aspect on which they are selected. As stated by Romanova and Kotov (2014), the bidder should try to provide all the information required by Host Company, that is, British petroleum. There are several criteria predefined by British Petroleum regarding bidding and related task. As mentioned in the case study, the organization is planning to get under their old government, that is, Britain. The retention of British Petroleum can only be success fully done by Britain if they are having proper policies and procedure followed. In context to this Rusco (2012) stated, the retention of ownership can also be done with the help of bidding and related process. In case of retaining the ownership British Petroleum require proper working and operation process. They should also try to increase or expand their business in same country to continue the ownership. As stated by Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko (2014), the business operation, productivity and profitability of British Petroleum will help in this process. Analysis of major problems faced by bidder regarding managerial styles and political issues As opined by Thomas et al. (2014), the managerial style, political and other similar factors are which affect the working of British Petroleum. Some of the major issues which will be faced by bidder are regarding managerial style and political factors. In case of managerial style problems will be related to agreement. Suppose if, bidders are planning to complete with the help of some other methods. But the manager of British Petroleum wants to get activity completed in another style and then the chance of discomfort will be high. In relation to this Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko (2014) stated, some of the major managerial style followed by British petroleum are paternalistic, democratic and others. With the help of managerial styles, the British Petroleum managers try to maintain environment and complete their task. They also try to subordinate their sub team members with the help of managerial style. In addition to this Tudorica (2014) commented, every manager of British Petroleum follow their own style of managerial style to increase their team performance. Suppose if the managerial style followed by a manager of exploration team is paternalistic. That is, they will decide what is best and superior for their team members. Then in this case the bidder team will try to change operation style. The first one to oppose will be their team manager. So as stated by Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko (2014), the belief, thoughts of each and every person is different. With the change in belief the style of working and managerial st yle also changes. In case of political factor, every country follows their separate and different rules and regulation. With the change in country, the operation style and other related styles should be changed. As stated by Romanova and Kotov (2014), if British Petroleum do not change the style of operation according to their bidder the chance of conflict is high. Suppose is British Petroleum plans to open their new oil and gas exploration and production site in middle east, they have to follow al rules, regulation and political factors. On the other hand, with political factor they have to follow Middle East all code of conduct regarding business. As mentioned by Rodriguez and Soeder (2015), if British Petroleum does not follow their particular code of conduct, the operation will be affected. As stated by Linde et al. (2013), the main factor behind success of any organization like oil and gas company, British Petroleum is dependent on their managerial style and other factors. If managers of British Petroleum do not follow proper managerial and leadership style the operation will be affected. Impact of low oil prices of BP in achieving their targets The strategy which helps British Petroleum to increase their profitability in oil and gas market is low price of oil. In relation to this Grunskoy and Perkhutkin (2014) stated, there are several strategy adopted by British Petroleum regarding their productivity and profitability. Out which low oil pricing is the one. With the help of this strategy, they outsource their oil or other product of oil in oil price in comparison of their competitors. On the other hand, in some cases the low price strategy impact the profitability of them. For example, British Petroleum is planning to outsource their oil and gas product is east or any other location. But the perception of that country organization is; low price product and services are was low cost (Glau et al., 2014). Then profitability of British Petroleum will be affected. In addition to this, the target of organization will also be affected. As mentioned in the case study, the low price in the year of 2015 was followed by British Petroleum, which led to led to decrease in bid price and others. According to opinion of Albrechtsen and Besnard (2014), the continuation of low pricing will be one of the biggest barriers to British Petroleum. It will also affect the bidding process of organization. If organization will continue the low price oil strategy in each and every business operation, the chance of takeover will be increased. With the help of data presented in the case study, it is clear that low oil price strategy has affected the profit share of British Petroleum in dew years (Jacoby, 2012). It has also affected the capital as well as stock market of British Petroleum, which represents that, strategy should not be followed every time. Conclusion According to the data of case study, in Russia British petroleum is sixth ranked in oil and gas market. They are famous for their oil and gas exploration, production and others activities. The strategies followed by them impact the operation of British Petroleum. Apart from this, the takeover process of British Petroleum is increased due to their improper strategy implementation. That is, low oil pricing strategy, they adopted this strategy in each and every country which affected their productivity and profitability share. In oil and gas exploration and production market there are many competitors of British Petroleum. So the strategies followed by them should be effective for their sustainability process. On the other hand, the managerial style followed by organization also affects their several processes. That is, bidding, operation, retaining ownership and others. The bidder is apparent or effective once they are having proper conformation regarding completion of project. Some of the other information and criteria on which probable bidder are selected is; the lowest bidding and project completion time. References Albrechtsen, E. and Besnard, D. (2014). Oil and gas, technology and humans. Chanysheva, I. and Biryukova, V. (2015). THE MECHANISM OF MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES OIL COMPLEX. OGBUS, (3), pp.576-589. Glau, K., Scherer, M. and Zagst, R. (2014). Innovations in quantitative risk management. Grondin, O., Thibault, L. and Qurel, C. (2014). Energy Management Strategies for Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Oil Gas Science and Technology Revue IFP Energies nouvelles, 70(1), pp.125-141. Grunskoy, T. and Perkhutkin, V. (2014). Improve information support safety management system of tunnel works in oil mines Yaregskoye field. OGBUS, (2), pp.392-406. Jacoby, D. (2012). Optimal supply chain management in oil, gas, and power generation. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell Corp. Javaherdashti, R., Nwaoha, C. and Tan, H. (2014). Corrosion and materials in the oil and gas industries. Krupa, J. (2013). Optimal supply chain management in oil, gas, and power generation. Energy, 63, pp.400-401. Lebedko, A. (2014). Scope of state involvement in the management of oil and gas complex. OGBUS, (1), pp.397-411. Linde, P., Baram, M. and Renn, O. (2013). Risk Governance of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rodriguez, R. and Soeder, D. (2015). Evolving water management practices in shale oil gas development. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 10, pp.18-24. Romanova, T. and Kotov, D. (2014). A MODERN APPROACH TO PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT IN THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. OGBUS, (6), pp.562-587. Rusco, F. (2012). Oil and gas management. Sharaev, N. and Pavlyuchenko, V. (2014). IMPROVEMENT OF THE PUMP EQUIPMENT WHEN CARRYING OUT TECHNOLOGICAL OPERATIONS ON THE ARLANSKY FIELD IN OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION MANAGEMENT ARLANNEFT, OGBUS, (6), pp.424-434. Thomas, E., Brittingham, M. and Stoleson, S. (2014). Conventional oil and gas development alters forest songbird communities. Jour. Wild. Mgmt., 78(2), pp.293-306. Tudorica, D. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Various Methods of Gas, Crude Oil and Oil Derivatives Transportation. International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management, 3(1), pp.16-25.