Bioethics and gene patents

Among the most controversial issues in biotechnology over the last ten years has been the patenting of homophile DNA ranges as well as human elements. The medical, pharmaceutical along with economic interests at stake ar huge, making investments in biotechnology firms involved in broker patenting highly volatile. element patenting is a relatively broad term and refers to the patenting of individual processes that involves the isolation of DNA or other associated material and also to any chemical substance that is connect to DNA. The idea of agent patents has played a key role in the rapid growth of the biotech industry over the last dickens decades.The earliest of the broker patents were obtained back in 1978. One of the biggest issues involving biotechnology and the fair play is the patenting of human divisors. Beca example of advances in technology, it is relatively routine a procedure to isolate genes and determine their genetic sequence (Birren & Rommens 1999). With th e recent completion of the gracious Genome Project, we now know the accurate genetic sequence of the human genome. All that remains is for science to determine which portions of the sequenced genome correspond to existing genes (Eisen & Laderman 2007).For these reasons, the United subjects Patent and Trademark Office witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of patent applications for human genes. The number of applications more than doubled in the last ten years, from approximately 16,000 applications in 1990 to 33,000 applications in 2000, and in the last twenty years, the PTO has granted patents on about 1,000 human genes or gene fragments (Willing 2000). USPTO has issued a large number of patents for gene fragments. Full sequence as well as function is in many cases non known for the gene fragments world issued patents on.Many questions have arisen over when, from the discovery to development into viable products, the exclusive just to genes may be claimed. This is imp ortant as a patent lasts for 20 years. copulation exercised its powers under the Constitution to pass the Patent Act. Under the Patent Act, a patent gives one the in good order to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the patented blind in the United States beginning on the date on which the patent issues and ending 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed. The 300- to 500-base gene fragments which are better known as expressed sequence tags (ESTs), make up about 10 to 30% of the mean cDNA, charm the genomic genes typic wholey go across to be 10 to 20 times bigger than the cDNA. A cDNA molecule is made in the laboratory and is a version of the gene which solely contains the information-rich (exon) regions these molecules offer a way to researchers to fast-forward through the genome get to more biologically significant body politics. The initial chromosomal locations as well as biological functions of the while genes identified by ESTs happen to be unknown in the majority of cases.The patenting of genes has been a controversial area to say the least. The argument is that patenting such discoveries is not justifiable because the effort to find a certain EST is meager when compared with the work of isolating and characterizing a gene and gene product, finding out what it does, and developing a commercial message product. They feel that allowing holders of such gatekeeper patents to exercise undue control over the commercial fruits of genome research would be unfair.Similarly, allowing doubled patents on different parts of the very(prenominal) genome sequence say on a gene fragment, the gene, and the protein adds undue costs to the researcher who wants to examine the sequence. Not only does the researcher have to pay each(prenominal) patent holder via licensing for the opportunity to study the sequence, he also has to pay his own staff to research the different patents and determine which are applicable to the area of the genome he wants to study. Some physicians believe that if a lot of genes receive patents, the genetic testing of patients could end up being prohibitively costly.Even though the technological friendship is there to develop such tests, a lot of work remains to produce them. And if the license fee that is associated with the use of each test is charged via multiple companies and entities, each owning multiple genes, then this technology may neer be exploited effectively in order to help patients. On the other hand, if rampart is not offered to the industry, then R & D write downs may not be recouped, therefore reducing incentive for investment in the industry. The implications of gene patenting on R & D have been the subject of considerable debate.Advocates say that gene patents like normal patents encourage the disclosure as well as dissemination of ideas by opening critical uses of gene sequences to the publicly domain. Patents also offer more incentives to i nvestors who may otherwise be reluctant to invest in ideas that may only when be copied by competitors if not allowed patent treasureion. Many argue that genes are not inventions, but rather they are discoveries which do not require an inventive effort. Because the discovery of genes does not require an inventive effort, the PTO should not issue patents for genes (Hettinger 1995).In the same regard, because genes are discoveries and not new compositions, genes should not be patented because they are not novel, as required by section 102. For example, human genes have existed as long as the existence of humanity therefore, an inventor can never discover a gene and claim that it is novel (Hettinger 1995). Finally, carrying patent law to its extreme, some argue that anyone containing patented genes within his or her body could be considered an infringer, because he or she is using a patented gene merely by being alive.Some argue that because of recent advances in the isolation, puri fication, and sequencing of genes, (Birren & Rommens 1999) it may take only a few days to determine the sequence of a particular gene. Therefore, the relative ease of determining the sequence of a particular gene should preclude patenting of the gene because obtaining the sequence is obvious. There is a difference between patents on compositions and patents on processes. Patents on compositions are considered broader than patents on processes because patents on compositions can cover all processes that use the composition.In order to limit the number of patents for genes, some argue that the PTO should limit patents on genes to processes that utilize the genes, and not the composition of the genes themselves, ESTs a case in localise (Auth 1997). In the US patent system, an inventors reward for an invention is the receipt of a patent, which permits the inventor to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the invention. The inventor can use this right to exclude to co mmercialize the invention or to license the invention and receive royalties.The reward of a patent thereby encourages invention and discovery, and the PTO takes the opinion that the incentive to make discoveries and inventions is generally spurred by patents. Some may argue that research and discovery satisfies an intellectual curiosity, and as such, hardly qualifies as labor. Therefore, intellectual endeavors, such as research and discovery, do not require rewards. Nevertheless, Congress designed our patent system with the underlying premise that reward is required, and it is difficult to envision why the law should distinguish the discovery of genes from other discoveries in this regard.Another argument is that the patenting of genes discourages others from performing research and discovery (Hoffert 1998). Under our patent system, after a researcher discovers and patents a gene, the researcher, as an inventor, may exclude others from using the gene (Sturges 1997). When a second researcher studies a particular disease and the patented genes role in that disease, it may be difficult to design an experiment that does not require the gene. In order to use the gene, the second researcher must seek a license from the patentee, doubtless requiring a fee in the form of a royalty.Some argue that this is a waste of valuable resources that could be used for research, rather than royalties, and therefore all human genes should be in the public domain (Bruce 2000). This is a compelling argument because it is difficult for a molecular biologist studying a particular gene or protein to conceive of experiments that do not require use of the gene itself. In this regard, perhaps it is better to view this perceived problem not as creating a disincentive to invent, but rather as impeding scientific progress. However, this argument is not unique to the patenting of genes.In fact, one could argue that a patent on any invention might similarly impede scientific progress. Ethica l arguments is the most difficult to marshal and telephone. As such, this author will briefly address only the two most common arguments against the patenting of genes. One of the most common ethical arguments is that the government should not issue patents on human genes because genes belong to all humankind, and therefore no single group should have the exclusive property right to exclude others from their use (Doll 2001).However, gene patents are not owned in the same sense as property is owned. A patent is intangible property (Haseltine 2000), and therefore, granting a patent on a human gene does not deprive humankind of property in the traditional or tangible sense. A gene patent only deprives other researchers, often attempting to realize a financial gain, from its use. The second most common argument against the patenting of human genes is that researchers derive a human gene from a human being, which violates our societys 150-year prohibition on valet de chambre having pro perty rights in another human being.However, should a human gene qualify as a human being or a funding entity? The U. S. Supreme Court has offered a potential framework for analyzing whether a gene should qualify as a living entity. In Roe v. Wade, the Court held that the State did not have a compelling interest in proscribing abortion where a fetus was not viable (Nature 2003). While we cannot equate a womans right to seek an abortion with an inventors right to patent a biological product, the viability test may have applicability in determining whether a human gene qualifies as a living entity.The viability test established by Roe v. Wade was whether the fetus could have a meaningful life outside the mothers womb. Human genes fail this test for viability because human genes are inanimate compositions of matter. Even with all the recent scientific advances, creation of a human being in vitro from the entire human genome is scientific fantasy (Mappes & DeGrazia 2001). However, even if human genes are not viable, some may argue that patents should not be issued for genes for the same reason that it is unratified to market other human products such as organs (Justine & Harris 2002).Clearly, society believes that some human products should not be for sale, although, society somewhat relaxes this policy by allowing one to donate certain bodily fluids, such as plasma, for money. The underlying concern for this ban on the sale of organs may be to protect those that are impoverished from sacrificing vital organs for financial gain, but this policy is not particularly applicable to the patenting of human genes. First, one can argue that patenting of genes is discriminable in that there is not a market for genes similar to the market for human organs.Second, one may be able to isolate, amplify, and sequence a gene from a single cell (Overwalle 2007). Thus, a patentee that patents his or her own genes is not deprived of a vital organ in the same way as an organ donor . Undoubtedly, there are additional ethical arguments against the patenting of genes. Ultimately, however, society determines what is ethical, and consequently whether the patenting of genes meets our ethical standard. The impact on the economy if gene patenting was banned is still a measure of debate. Most advocates in the biotech lobby are of the view that it may discourage investment in genetic research.Even so it is important to realize that the expense of identifying the function of a particular gene is only a small fraction of the total cost of turning it into something viable such as a drug. There is also an argument which says that the pharmaceutical industry would perform better if scientists and companies could work freely with any genes and rather focus their energies on patenting drugs. Since 1953, when Watson and Francis Crick spy the double helical structure of DNA in chromosomes, scientists have known that the sequence of compounds called nucleotides along the DNA st rands was the key to their information content.These gene sequences encoded instructions on manufacturing and controlling protein products that build, manage and organize everything in the cell. Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with high stakes in patenting genetically engineered products and their sequences have registered multiple patents over the last two decades to exploit that discovery for commercial use to make new products. List of References Battle Over Gene Patents The Legal, Economic, and Social Implications of Licensing the Core of Life Could Alter the certain Patent System. (1996). Business Week -New York, NY. 3484 56-59. Gene Patents and the Public Good. Nature. 423. 6937 (2003). Auth, D. R. (1997). Are ESTs Patentable? Nature Biotechnology. 15. 9 911-912 Birren, B. , & Rommens, J. M. (1999). Resource BOOK AND JOURNAl REVIEWS Genome Analysis A Laboratory manual (Vol 1) Analyzing DNA (Vol 2) Detecting Genes. Trends in Genetics. 15, 41. Bruce D. (2000). E thical concerns about patenting in relation to living organisms. Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics. 6, 10-4. Doll, JJ. (2001). Talking Gene Patents.Scientific American. 285. 2 Eisen, A. , & Laderman, G. (2007). Science, religion, and society an encyclopedia of history, culture, and controversy. Armonk, N. Y. , M. E. Sharpe. Haseltine, W. A. (2000). The Case for Gene Patents. Technology Review -Manchester NH 103, 59. Hettinger N. (1995). Patenting life biotechnology, intellectual property, and environmental ethics. Boston College Environmental Affairs honor Review. Boston College. Law School. 22, 267-305. Hoffert, S. P. (1998), PTO Issues Biotech Patent Guidelines, The Scientist, July 6.Justine B. & Harris J. (2002). A Companion to Genethics. Blackwell companions to philosophy, 21. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishers, 2002. Mappes, T. A. & DeGrazia D. (2001). Biomedical Ethics. Boston McGraw-Hill. Overwalle, G. V. (2007). Gene patents and public health. Brussel, Bruylant. Sturges, M . L. (1997). Who Should Hold Property Rights to the Human Genome? An Application of the Common hereditary pattern of Humankind. American University International Law Review. 13, 219-261. Willing, R. (2000). Gene Patent Gets Tougher, USA Today, Nov. 15, at 14A.

Bureaucracyr & Organizational

According to Max Weber, Bureaucracy means a centrally directed, systematically organized and hierarchically structured provide devoted to the regular, r outine and efficient carrying out of large-scale administrative tasks according to policies dictated by, rulers or directors standing outside and above the bureaucratism. Such a staff, as Weber rightly saw, t arrests to become rule-bound, functionally specialized, elevating impersonality and esprit de corps.But bureaucratism has also meant the opposite of governanceal efficiency and effective centralized control red tape, slowness of procedure, waver to getting even a decision, the unnecessary multiplication of people, rules and forms a connotation achieved by singling out for attention unfavourable secondary features or tendencies of bureaucratic structures. The term bureaucracy has been included in, barely also contrasted with, the more general concept of administration.Sometimes this is done by seeing bureaucracy as a fo rmal and impersonal rule of administration, sometimes by seeing bureaucracy as that form of administration where administrators (the bureaucrats, the officials) have become the real rulers, arrogating to themselves privilege, power and control. An Organizational structure defines how job tasks be formally divided, grouped and coordinated. The main elements to consider while designing an organizational structure are Work Specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization and formalization.The nigh common Organizational designs found in use are ? Simple or Flat structure ? The Bureaucracy ? The Matrix structure ? The Team social organization ? The Virtual Organization ? The Boundaryless Organization The paper discusses the major advantages of all the above designs and all are compared with bureaucracy and the real contribution of bureaucracy is arrived at the end of discussion. Then the role of bureaucracy in improving the e fficiency of the organization is elucidated. The impact of a low level bureaucracy is then discussed and its role in efficiency is discussed.Then the impacts of eminent level bureaucracy are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes by stating that a moderate level of bureaucracy is good for increasing the efficiency of the organization. Advantages and Disadvantages of motley Organizational designs The simple structure is characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. The medium of the simple structure lies in its simplicity. Its fast, flexible and inexpensive to maintain and accountability is clear.One major weakness is that it is difficult to maintain in anything other(a) than a small organization. The decision making becomes slow as the organization grows in size because of its low formalization and spicy centralization. A bureaucracy is characterized by extremely routine operati ng tasks achieved through specialization, much formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, narrow spans of control, and decision making that follows the chain of command.The primary vividness of bureaucracy lies in its ability to perform standardized activities in a exceedingly efficient manner. One of the major weakness of this structure is that it causes departmental conflicts and extremely inflexible always pastime the rules. There is no room for modification The Matrix structure is characterized by dual lines of authority and combines product and functional departmentalization. IBM adopts a modified version of the matrix structure in its overall operations.The strength of this structure lies in its ability to facilitate coordination and efficient allocation of specialists. The major injustice lies in the confusion it creates, its prosperity to foster power struggles, and the stress it places on individuals. Th e Team structure uses teams as the central device to coordinate work activities. Companies wish DaimlerChrysler, Saturn, Motorola and Xerox have made extensive use of self managed teams to improve productivity at the operational level. In smaller companies, the team structure dope define the entire organization.For instance, Imedia, a 30 person marketing firm in New Jersey is completely organized around teams. This structure is highly unsuitable for large companies. A Virtual organization is a small core organization that out sources major business functions. Ancle Hsu and David Ji run a virtual organization. Their firm, California based Apex Digital, is one of the worlds largest producers of DVD Players, yet the company neither owns a factory nor employs an engineer. They contract everything out to firms in China. This is suitable for small and large organizations.The major advantage is the flexibility and the disadvantage is lack of managerial control in key aspects of business. The Boundaryless organization is an organization that seeks to eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of control, and replace departments with empowered teams. The discussion of diverse organizational designs indicates the flexibility and adaptable nature of other designs compared to Bureaucracy. This also reveals that in most situations, Bureaucracy is good when the weaknesses of the designs are studied. Role of Bureaucracy in improving the efficiency of the organizationThe Primary strength of bureaucracy lies in putting the likes of specialties together in functional departments results in economics of scale, minimum duplication of personnel and equipments, and employees who have the opportunity to talk the same language among their peers. Further more, bureaucracy can get by nicely with less talented and hence, less costly middle and lower level managers. The pervasiveness of rules and regulations substitutes for managerial discretion. Standardized operation, co upled with high formalization, allow decision making to be centralized.There is little need therefore, for innovative and experienced decision makers below the level of senior executives. This drastically cuts costs for the initiative and improves the efficiency level drastically by obtaining high levels of economies of scale and spending less on employees. The bureaucracy is efficient only as long as employees confront problems that they have previously encountered and for which programmed decision rules have already been established. Impact of a low level of bureaucracy A low level of bureaucracy results in huge lack of control.Employees are at their will and decision making becomes a very cumbersome task. There will be a lot of outstanding orders and the work schedule will be way below the expected level. This considerably decreases the efficiency of the organization. In very rare cases, employees take up responsibility and achieve targets. Impact of a high level of bureaucracy A high level of bureaucracy is highly detrimental to the festering of the organization. This makes the employees to develop job insecurity and they feel to be continuously monitored.High level of bureaucracy is characterized by issuing orders and a logic to follow. There will be a lot of unwanted works and precious time will be spent in duplication of the same work in various levels of the organization. This curbs innovation and creativity leading to routine jobs and eventually leads to employee boredom. There will be no sort of an employee involvement in this situation. Employees work for long hours but the output will be way below the standards and there will be no motivation mechanisms to support the employees. This finally results in employee turnover.So, a high level of bureaucracy is to be avoided as it may arouse the employees against the management of the company. Weakness of Bureaucracy One of the major weaknesses of a bureaucracy is illustrated in the following dialogue b etween four executives in one company Ya Know, nothing happens in this place until we produce something, said the production executive. Wrong commented the research and suppuration manager, Nothing happens until we design something. What are you talking about? asked the marketing executive. Nothing happens here until we sell something.Finally, the exasperated accounting manager responded, It does not matter what you produce, design, or sell. Now one knows what happens we tally up the results This conversation points at the fact that specialization creates subunit conflicts. Functional unit goals can override the overall goals of organization. The other major weakness of a bureaucracy is something dealing with the people who work in these organizations obsessive concern with following the rules. When cases arise that do not merely fit the rules, there is no room for modification. ConclusionBureaucracy is efficient to the organization only when a moderate level exists. Both a low level of bureaucracy and a high level of bureaucracy will result in the inefficient operation of the enterprise without fully utilizing the resources of the company. A moderate level of bureaucracy will ensure that control mechanisms are in place and that employees are achieving their targets. This also allows the restriction of imposing rules and procedures to the employees and causing boredom. When a saturation point is reached, bureaucracy contributes greatly to improving the efficiency of the organization to a great level.Reference Stephen P. Robbins, Organizational Behavior, Tenth Edition, Prentice Hall of India. Pg. 425-446, Pg. 523-535. Garry Dessler, Human Resource Management, Eastern Economy edition. Pg 465-479. horny L. Desimone, Jon M. Werner and David M. Harris, Human Resource Development, Pearson education. Pg. 225 239 Cummings & Worley, Organization Culture and Change , 2005, page 490 Merril Ewert D and Jennifer A King Rice. 2002 October. Managing Diversity HRM Review. http//www. hrmguide. co. uk/history/classical_organization_theory. htm

Jahangir

sedimentary rocks in Pakistan range in age from Precambrian to Miocene i. e from oldest to youngest on the geological time scale skeletal frame 542 million years to latest. Luckily for geoscientists all of them are exposed in different parts of the country. Lithologically they wee sandstone, limestone, shale and mixed lithologies of them all. These rocks are exposed all along the mountain ranges from Islamabad in north to Karachi in the south. Igneous rocks are exposed north of Peshawar or only at Nagarparker in the southeastern break of the country.You better study Stratigraphy and historical geology of Pakistan by Kazmi and Abbasi (2008), which will provide you a full knowledge approximately the rocks in Pakistan. Geology and tectonics of Pakistan by Kazmi and Jan (1997) also gives details of distribution of ores and minerals in different parts of the country. name de Mergel en marl Description Marl is a sedimentary rock made of clay and limestone, which belongs to the family of pelitic rocks (clays

Ramadan & Eternal Child †Irma Stern Essay

Irma was fascinated with the Arab culture of East Africa and she frequently visited Zanzibar. Ramadan is considered a key painting in Irmas c arer. She began depicting beauty in the atmosphere of the painting, rather than the external image of the subject matter. This proceeding shows an elderly Arabic homo sitting hunched over and praying. We see how calm and peaceful the Muslim man remains even though he sit amidst the hustle and bustle of a finicky bazaar. Irma displays a feeling of spirituality & wisdom, as the man is shown as aged. The focal point is the old mans white turban, and the large form of his consistency.The vertical composition of this work gives off the sense of strength. The cozy up is mainly composed of the mans body while the background is full of unidentifiable shapes representing the engage market crowds. The figures in this work are strongly outlined. Tonal determine have been simplified, and natural, neutral influence have been used, which is rare due t o Irmas usual preference to bright, lucid use of colour. Loose, quick wipe strokes have been used, connecting Irmas work to that of an Expressionist.The Eternal Child, 1916This work was one of very few with the subject of children that Irma painted. later on her divorce in 1934 she showed very little maternal instinct in her artworks. The Eternal Child was the firstly painting that Irma did that clearly showed the change in her style of painting, and was done with oil paints on board. It shows her individualistic right smart of capturing the subject matter, which, in this case, is a young girl. Irma spotted this girl on German train, and she painting this metaphorical artwork from memory.This way she could interpret reality however she liked. Max Pechstein greatly applauded this work as he saw that the painting could evoke strong emotions and reactions from the viewer. The girls large head and small body indicates fragility, as do her small hands grasping flowers. Irma is showi ng the damage of war on the youth. Children are defenseless and afraid, yet hope glimmers in their eyes. The young girls eyes are abundant and hopeful, as are the bright flowers. The focal point of The Eternal Child is the pink,founded face of the girl. The tonal values of the painting greatly contrast, and the background colour is flat giving the work a lack of depth. In fact, all the colours in the work are flat leading the painting to be seen as two-dimensional, though the detail of the face does have depth.

Malunggay and Spinach Essay

I.Chapter I (Introduction)Background of the resume (Rationale)He gives us that vast goodness of nature and plant life is among those. As man propagates for abundance he deserves to harbor tremendous benefits from it. The discovery of herbal plants made the come-at-able existence of forward-looking music. Modern medicine makes use of these plants in making capsulated herbal medicine or food adds. It is scientifically proven that numerous of vitamins and minerals argon found in herbal plants that skunk supply the needs of living things, particular propositionally humans. These vitamins and minerals help supply energy within a individuals body, which is needed for everyday activities in order for them to perform well. Herbal plants nowadays are not just made as medicinal purposes but also as food ingredients so that it whitethorn add a unique and healthier flavor to foods.Malunggay was once considered a poor mans vegetable but now it is known as a miracle tree or natures medicin e cabinet by scientists and health care workers from around the world because it is loaded with vitamins and minerals that can be an effective remedy against many kinds of ailments such as arthritis, anemia, ovarian cancer, heart complications, kidney problems, asthma and digestive disorders. separately ounce of Malunggay contains seven times the Vitamin C found in oranges, four times the Vitamin A of carrots, terce times the iron of spinach, four times as much calcium as milk and triad times the potassium of bananas. Spinach is well-known in stabilizing the communication channel sugar among diabetics, it serves as an anti-oxidant, an anti-cancer agent, it prevents from coronary artery disease or thickening and hardening of arteries and it aids in the formation of the blood substance required for blood clotting.Besides of it being considered as an herb rich in Iron, it is also a rich denotation of Carbohydrates, Dietary fiber, Fat, Protein, Vitamin A, Beta-carotene, Lutein, Ze axanthin, Folate, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K and Calcium. The conclave of both herbs can surely make a nutritious supplement for all ages. This study aims to presents the result of the beneficial mix of Malunggay and Spinach called as Malunggay and Spinach powder. A causality duo, a product of nature, harness within reach and concocted with simplicity.II.Statement of the ProblemThe study aspired primarily, to assay for alternative ship canal of utilizing the common backyard plants Malunggay and Spinach so that it wont be placed into waste. Secondarily, make a diametric and simple preparation of it right in ones home aside from the usual enwrap and tablet forms, which currently dominate in the market. Lastly, to disseminate the information on how to augment a nutritional need within in reach and friendly to the pocket. The study addressed the following specific questions1.) What are the procedures in preparing the Malunggay and Spinach powder?2.) Is on that point a specifi c expiration for this product?3.) Are there different processes of teetotaling each kind of leaves?4.) How long can the end product be stored?5.) Is it advisable to dry the Malunggay and Spinach leaves under direct sunlight?6.) What are the uses of the Malunggay and Spinach powder as an additive?7.) What specific amounts of Malunggay and Spinach to be prepared to meet our nutritional needs?8.) What are the nutritional values from the combination of Malunggay and Spinach?9.) Can this research work possibly be pursued in the future?III.Significance of the StudyHealth awareness is the prime investment, ingenuity is the investors joining effort and wellness is the net gain. Most deal think that adapting a healthy and well-conditioned life is expensive and difficult to achieve. The significance is just how one resourcefully utilizes the cheap, the natural abundance of nature, and the untiring quest to alternatives and remedies. Malunggay and Spinach are kind of vegetables that are rich with vitamins, minerals and amino group acids that are needed for optimum health.The purposeful cahoots will serve as a supplement Malunggay, touted as All- around miracle tree or Natures medicine cabinet contains a wide variety of nutrients in lofty amounts and Spinach, known as Powerhouse of Nutrients fill in essential Potassium, Phosphorus and Niacin that Malunggay does not have. This fuddled combination in powder form add nutrition to our deficient diet due to modern farming methods, nutrient-deficient soils, high levels of pollution that places more stress, and busy lifestyles that make it hard to prepare healthy balance diet. It acts as an inexpensive insurance against nutritional deficiencies.This study will promote awareness on the relevance of serving of vegetable meals, soup, bread, dessert, shakes, juices and mixes with Malunggay and Spinach powder. It encourages households to plant Malunggay and Spinach in backyards for personal consumption. Finally, it inspires peop le to study and search for benefits on vegetables and other agricultural produce.IV.Scope and Limitation of the StudyThe study focused on the specifications of how to procure the study quality ingredients, the Malunggay and Spinach leaves and conscientiously observed the proper storage and maintanance of suitable room temperature. It took two (2) months and a half to get the final result of the research work using the method of experimentation. As Malunggay was quickly cultivated in the backyard on the contrary, Spinach was a hard find. It started from a given tiny seedling from hilly Busay and was replanted.

Dream Deferred Essay

What happens to a fantasy deferred This quote from the famous poem by Langston Hughes, ? A Montage of a Dream Deferred,? represents the core of the toy A Raisin in the Sun written by Lorraine Hansberry. When writing this boodle set drama, Hansberry chose to use a line from Hughes? famous poem to create her title A Raisin in the Sun. The entirety of the chance is about an African American family living in the ghettos of Chicago. Mama, Walter, and Beneatha, three of the play? s main characters, all make their individual dreams known to the readers by stating them various times throughout the play (Kohorn 1).Hughes? poem ponders upon numerous questions that are surely on the readers mind as they venture through this special(prenominal) play. Although Hughes offered many alternate answers to the question, ? What happens to a dream deferred,? as seen below, Hansberry supports the last view in this poem (Mauro 1) . . . The play depicts many different instances of dreams being ? deferr ed. In referring to Hughes poem, Walter? s dreams are not only deferred but they a homogeneous ? sag like a heavy load (Hansberry 1). In addition to this, she also dreams of pursuing a medical education so she can become a doctor (Pink Monkey). These dreams are further destruct when Mr. Once again, yet another dream has been ? deferred (Hansberry 1). ?The play answers Hughes? first question in his poem, ? What happens to a dream deferred,? by showing the characters reactions to their failing dreams. By now, the family has learned that the ? dream of a house is the most beta dream because it unites the family (Kohorn 1). Ultimately, their dreams finally come into realization when they move into their new house. Dreams do not dry up as a raisin in the sun would. For him this would be ? he life? (Mauro 1). As Hughes? poem says, ? peradventure it just sags like a heavy load (Hansberry 1). At the beginning of the play, a determined Beneatha is study at the local college and presents herself as an intellectual. In one particular case, he explodes on his sister, Beneatha by saying, ? Who the colliery told you you had to become a doctor (Mauro 1) As Hughes states in his poem, a dream deferred may ? stink like rotten meat (Hansberry 1,? and to Walter it really does. She also wants the kids to receive a good, solid education.

Medicine and Ayurveda

Ayurveda(Sanskrit Ayurveda, the knowledge for long emotional state history/? a?.? r? ve? d? /2) orayurvedic medical specialtyis a Hindu organisation of conventional medicate native toIndiaand a form ofalternative euphony. The earliest literature on Indian medical convention appe bed during theVedic periodin India,3i. e. , in the mid-second millennium BCE. TheSusruta Sa? hitaand theCharaka Sa? hita, encyclopedias of medicine compiled from various sources from the mid-first millennium BCE to ab away d CE,4 argon among the foundational whole shebang of Ayurveda.Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners developed a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments. 5Current practices derived (or reportedly derived) from Ayurvedic medicine ar regarded as part ofcomplementary and alternative medicine. 6 Safety concerns put one across been raised about Ayurveda, with two U. S. studies finding about 20 part of Ayurvedic Indian-manufacturedpatent medicines contained noxious levels of tough metals such as terzetto,mercuryandarsenic.Other concerns include the use of herbs containing virulent compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities. At an early periodwhen? , Ayurveda adopted the physics of the fiveelements (Devanagari ) earth (P? thvi), water (Jala), fire (Agni), air (Vayu) and lacuna (Akasa) that compose the instauration, including the human body. 9Ayurveda describes seven types of tissues of the body, known as thesaptadhatu(Devanagari ). They atomic number 18 plasma (rasa dhatu), blood (rakta dhatu),flesh(ma? a dhatu), adipose (medha dhatu),bone(asthi dhatu),marrowand nervous (majja dhatu), and reproductive (semenorfemale reproductive tissue) (sukra dhatu). 10Ayurvedic literature deals elaborately with measures of restorative dungeon during the entire span of life and its various phases. Ayurveda stresses a poise of deuce-ace elemental energies orhumorsVayu / v ata(air & space wind),pitta(fire & water bile) andkapha(water & earth phlegm). According to ayurvedic medical possibleness, these triad substances do? as (Devanagari are any important(predicate) for wellness, because when they exist in equal quantities, the body will be wellnessy, and when they are non in equal tots, the body will be unwellnessy in various ways. bingle ayurvedic theory asserts that each human possesses a unique combination ofdo? asthat define that souls genius and characteristics. Another view, to a fault present in the ancient literature, asserts that humoral equality is identical to health, and that psyches with preponderances of humours are proportion altogethery unhealthy, and that this is not their natural temperament.In ayurveda, unlike the Sa? khya philosophical dodge, there are 20 cardinal qualities,gu? a(Devanagari , meaning qualities) inherent in all substances. 11While surgery and surgical instruments were employed from a genuinely ear ly period, Ayurvedic theory asserts that building a healthy metabolic organisation, attaining gooddigestion, and properexcretionlead to vitality. 11Ayurveda also focuses on exercise,yoga, andmeditation. 12 The practice ofpanchakarma(Devanagari is a therapeutic way of eliminating toxic elements from the body. 13 As early as theMahabharata, ayurveda was called the cognizance of eight components (Skt. a a? ga,Devanagari ), a classification that became massonical for ayurveda. They are14 1. Internal medicine(Kaya-cikitsa) 2. Paediatrics(Kaumarabh? tyam) 3. Surgery(Salya-cikitsa) 4. OpthalmologyandENT(Salakya tantra) 5. Psychiatryhas been calledBhuta vidya. 3 6. Toxicology(Agadatantram) 7. Prevention of diseases and improvingimmunityandrejuvenation(rasayana) 8.Aphrodisiacsand improving health of materialisation (Vajikaranam) In Hindu mythology, the origin of ayurvedic medicine is attributed toDhanvantari, the physician of the gods. 15 - Practices Several philosophers in India combi ned religion and handed-down medicinenot equal examples being that ofHinduismand ayurveda. Shown in the image is the philosopherNagarjunaknown chiefly for his doctrine of theMadhyamaka(middle path)who wrote medical worksThe Hundred PrescriptionsandThe Precious Collection, among others. 16 editBalanceHinduismandBuddhism puddle been an influence on the development of many of ayurvedas central ideas particularly its spell with balance, known in Buddhism asMadhyathmaka(Devanagari ). 17Balance is emphasized suppressing natural urges is revealn to be unhealthy, and doing so claimed to lead to illness. 17However, great deal are cautioned to stay within the limits of reasonable balance and measure. 17For example, emphasis is placed on moderation of nutriment intake,9sleep, sexual intercourse. 17 editDiagnosis Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by development all five senses. 18Hearing is used to retain the condition of breathing and speech. 10The study of the lethal points ormarman marmais of special importance. 11Ayurvedic doctors regard physical and mental humanity togquintessence with personality as a unit, each element having the capacity to influence the others. One of the fundamental aspects of ayurvedic medicine is to take this into account during diagnosis and therapy. editHygiene Hygieneis a central practice of ayurvedic medicine. Hygienic living involves regular(a) bathing, cleansing of teeth, skin care, and eye washing. 10 editTreatments Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments. Hundreds of plant-based medicines are employed, includingcardamomand cinnamon. Some animal products whitethorn also be used, for example milk,bones, andgallstones. In addition, fats are used both for consumption and for external use. Minerals, includingsulfur,arsenic, lead, bruiser sulfateand gold are also consumed as prescribed. 10This practice of adding minerals to herbal medicine is known asrasa shastra. In roughly cases, alcohol was u sed as anarcoticfor the patient undergoing an operation.The advent of Islam introducedopiumas a narcotic. 14Both oil and tar were used to stop bleeding. 10Traumatic bleeding was said to be stopped by four different methodsligationof theblood vesselcauterisation by heat using different herbal or animal preparations locally which could facilitateclotting and different medical preparations which could abridgethe bleeding or oozing vessels. Various oils could be used in a number of ways, including regular consumption as a part of food, anointing, smearing,head massage, and prescribed finishing to infected areas. 19pageneeded editSrotas Ensuring the proper functions of carry (srotas) that transport stills from one point to another is a vital goal of ayurvedic medicine, because the lack of healthy srotas is panorama to causerheumatism,epilepsy,autism,paralysis,convulsions, andinsanity. Practitioners induce sweating and prescribe steam-based treatments as a means to open up the carry and dilute thedo? asclarification neededthat cause the blockages and lead to disease. 20 - editHistoryOne view of the early history of ayurveda asserts that around 1500BC, ayurvedas fundamental and employ principles got organized and enunciated. In this historical construction, Ayurveda traces its origins to theVedas,Atharvavedain particular, and is connected to Hindu religion. Atharvaveda(one of the four most ancient books of Indian knowledge, wisdom and culture) contains 114 hymns or formulations for the treatment of diseases. Ayurveda originated in and developed from these hymns. In this sense, ayurveda is considered by some to have reverent origin.Indian medicine has a long history, and is one of the oldest organised systems of medicine. Its earliest concepts are set out in the sacred writings called the Vedas, especially in the metrical passages of theAtharvaveda, which may possibly date as out-of-the-way(prenominal) back as the 2nd millennium BC. According to a later writer , the system of medicine was reliable byDhanvantarifromBrahma, and Dhanvantari was deified as the god of medicine. In later times his status was gradually reduced, until he was attribute with having been an earthly king10namedDivodasa. 22 Underwood Rhodes (2008) hold that this early phase of traditional Indian medicine identified feverishness (takman), cough,consumption, diarrhea,dropsy,abscesses,seizures, tumours, and skin diseases (includingleprosy). 10Treatment of complex ailments, includingangina pectoris,diabetes,hypertension, andstones, also ensued during this period. 524Plastic surgery,couching(a form of cataract surgery), puncturing to release fluids in theabdomen, bloodline of foreign elements, treatment ofanal fistulas, treating fractures,amputations,cesarean sections, and stitching of wounds were known. 10The use of herbs and surgical instruments became widespread. 10TheCharaka Samhitatext is arguably the capitulum classic reference. It gives emphasis to the triune nature of each person body care, mental regulation, and spiritual/ brain refinement. Other early works of ayurveda include theCharaka Samhita, attributed toCharaka. 10The earliest surviving excavated written material which contains references to the works of Sushruta is the mandrel Manuscript, dated to the 6th centuryAD. The Bower manuscript is of special interest to historians due to the presence of Indian medicine and its concepts in Central Asia. 25Vagbhata, the son of a senior doctor by the name of Simhagupta,26also compiled his works on traditional medicine. 10Early ayurveda had a school of physicians and a school of surgeons. 3Tradition holds that the textAgnivesh tantra, written by the sage Agnivesh, a student of the sageBharadwaja, influenced the writings of ayurveda. 27 The Chinese pilgrimFa Hsien(ca. 337422 AD) wrote about the health care system of theGupta empire(320550) and described the institutional approach of Indian medicine, also visible in the works of Charaka, who mentions a clinic and how it should be equipped. 28Madhava (fl. 700), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300), and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine. 25The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were translated into theArabic languageduring theAbbasid Caliphate(ca. 750). 29These Arabic works made their way into Europe via intermediaries. 29InItaly, the Branca family ofSicilyand Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta. 29 British physicians traveled to India to seerhinoplastybeing performed by native methods. 30Reports on Indian rhinoplasty were published in theGentlemans cartridge holderin 1794. 30Joseph Constantine Carpuespent 20 long time in India studying local plastic surgery methods. 30Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the western world in 1815. 31Instruments described in theSushruta Samhitawere further modified in the Western World. 31 - editCurrent status editIndia According to some sources up to 80 part of people in India use some form of traditional medicines, a category which includes Ayurveda. 32 In 1970, the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aims to standardize qualifications for ayurveda and provide accredited institutions for its study and research was passed by the sevens of India. 33In India, over 100 colleges advance degrees in traditional ayurvedic medicine. 12The Indian government supports research and belief in ayurveda with many convey at both the national and say levels, and helps institutionalize traditional medicine so that it mint be studied in major towns and cities. 34The state-sponsoredCentral Council for inquiry in Ayurvedic Sciences(CCRAS) has been set up to research the subject. 35To fightbiopiracyand unethical patents, theGovernment of India, in 2001, set up the handed-down Knowledge Digital Libraryas repository of 1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as ayurveda,unaniandsiddha. 3637The library also has 50 traditional ayu rveda books digitized and available online. 38 Central Council of Indian treat(CCIM) a statutory body established in 1971, underDepartment of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy(AYUSH),Ministry of health and Family Welfare,Government of India, monitors higher education in ayurveda. 39many clinics in urban and rural areas are run by professionals who qualify from these institutes. 33 editSri Lanka The Sri Lankan tradition of Ayurveda is actually sympathetic to the Indian tradition. Practitioners of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka refer to texts on the subject written inSanskrit, which are common to both countries. However, they do differ in some aspects, particularly in the herbs used. The Sri Lankan government has established a Ministry of Indigenous Medicine (established in 1980) to revive and regulate the practice within the country40The Institute of Indigenous Medicine (affiliated to theUniversity of Colombo presently ffers undergraduate, postgraduate, and MD degrees in the practice of Ayurveda Medicine and Surgery, and similar degrees inunanimedicine. 41 There are currently 62 Ayurvedic Hospitals and 208 central dispensaries in the public system, and they served almost 3 million people (approximately 11 percent of Sri Lankas substance population) in 2010. In total there are currently approximately 20,000 registered practitioners of Ayurveda in the country. 4243 Many Sri Lankan hotels and resorts offer Ayurveda themed packages, where guests are treated to a wide array of Ayurveda treatments during their stay. editOutside South Asia collectible to different laws and medical regulations in the rest of the world, the unregulated practice and commercialization of ayurvedic medicine has raised ethical and legal issues in some cases, this damages the reputation of ayurvedic medicine outside India. 444546 - editScientific appraisal In studies in mice, the leaves ofTerminalia arjunahave been shown to have pain pill and anti-inflammatory prope rties. 47 As atraditional medicine, many ayurveda products have not been tested in stern scientific studies andclinical trials.In India, research in ayurveda is undertaken by the statutory body of theCentral Government, theCentral Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha(CCRAS), done a national network of research institutes. 48A systematic review of ayurveda treatments for unhealthyarthritisconcluded that there was insufficient evidence, as most of the trials were not done properly, and the one high-quality trial showed no benefits. 49A review of ayurveda andcardiovascular diseaseconcluded that the evidence for ayurveda was not convincing, though some herbs seemed promising. 50 Two varieties ofSalviahave been tested in small trials one trial provided evidence thatSalvia lavandulifolia(Spanish sage) may improve record recall in young adults,51and another provided evidence thatSalvia officinalis(Common sage) may improve symptoms inAlzheimerspatients. 52Many plants used asrasay ana(rejuvenation) medications are potent antioxidants. 53Neemappears to have beneficial pharmacological properties. 54 - editSafety Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, may have toxic heavy metals such aslead,mercuryandarsenic. 7Adverse reactions to herbs due to their pharmacology are described in traditional ayurvedic texts, but ayurvedic practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs could be toxic and that reliable information on herbal toxicity is not readily available. And there is communication facing pages among current medicine practitioners and Ayurvedic practitioners55 According to a 1990 study on ayurvedic medicines in India, 41 percent of the products tested contained arsenic, and 64 percent contained lead and mercury. 32A 2004 study found toxic levels of heavy metals in 20 percent of ayurvedic preparations made in South Asia and sold in the Boston area, and concluded that ayurvedic products represent serious health risks and shou ld be tested for heavy-metal contamination. 56A 2008 study of more than 230 products found that approximately 20 percent of remedies (and 40 percent ofrasa shastramedicines) purchased over the Internet from both US and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic. 75758In 2012 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Washington states in its report that Ayurvedic drugs has relate to lead poisoning on the basis of some cases presented where some pregnant woman had taken Ayurvedic drugs toxic materials were found in their blood. 59 Ayurvedic proponents believe that the toxicity of these materials is reduced through purification processes such assamskarasorshodhanas(for metals), similar to the Chinesepao zhi, although the ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques.However, these products have nonetheless caused severelead poisoningand other toxic effects. 757 Due to these concerns, the Government of India ruled that ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product,8but, writing on the subject forCurrent Science, a publication of theIndian Academy of Sciences, M. S. Valiathan noted that the absence of post-market surveillance and the shortage of test laboratory facilities in India make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time. 8Ayurveda can be defined as a system, which uses the inherent principles of nature, to help prolong health in a person by keeping the one-on-ones body, mind and spirit in perfect equilibrium with nature. What is the Origin of Ayurveda? Widely regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world, Ayurveda is an intricate medical system that originated in India thousands of years ago. The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be found in Hindu scriptures called theVedas the ancient Indian books of wisdom. TheRig Veda, which was written over 6,000 years ago, contains a series of prescriptions th at can help humans overcome various ailments.What does Ayurveda do to you? The aim of this system is to prevent illness, heal the sick and preserve life. This can be summed up as follows * To protect health and prolong life (Swasthyas swasthya rakshanam) * To eliminate diseases and dysfunctions of the body (Aturasya vikar prashamanamcha) What are the Basic Principles of Ayurveda? Ayurveda is based on the premise that the universe is made up of five elements air, fire, water, earth and ether. These elements are represented in humans by three doshas, or energiesVata, PittaandKapha.When any of thedoshasaccumulate in the body beyond the desirable limit, the body loses its balance. Every individual has a distinct balance, and our health and well-being depend on getting a right balance of the threedoshas(tridoshas). Ayurveda suggests specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to help individuals reduce the excessdosha. A healthy person, as defined inSushrut Samhita,one of the primary works on Ayurveda, is he whosedoshasare in balance, appetency is good, all tissues of the body and all natural urges are functioning properly, and whose mind, body and spirit are beaming What is Tridosha or the Theory of Bio-energies? The threedoshas, or bio-energies found in our body are * Vatapertains to air and ether elements. This energy is generally seen as the force, which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination. * Kaphapertains to water and earth elements. Kaphais obligated for growth and protection. The mucousal lining of the stomach, and the cerebral-spinal fluid that protects the brain and spinal column are examples ofkapha. * Pittapertains to fire and water elements.Thisdoshagoverns transfiguration, e. g. , the transformation of foods into nutrients. Pittais also trusty for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems. What is Panchakarma or the Therapy of Purification? If toxins in the body are abundant, then a cleansing process known aspa nchakarmais recommended to purge these unwanted toxins. This fivefold purification therapy is a innocent form of treatment in ayurveda. These specialized procedures consist of the following * Therapeutic vomiting or vomiting (Vaman) * Purgation (Virechan) Enema (Basti) * Elimination of toxins through the nose (Nasya) * Bloodletting or detoxification of the blood (Rakta moksha) The roots of ayurveda Ayurveda,the oldest system of medicine in the world, traces its roots to the Vedic period in ancient India. TheVedascontain practical and scientific information on various subjects beneficial to the humanity like health, philosophy, engineering, astrology etc. Vedic Brahmanswere not only priests performing religious rites and ceremonies, they also became theVaidyas (Ayurvedic Physicians).The Sage- Physician- Surgeons of that time were the same sages or seers, deeply devoted holy place people , who saw health as an integral part of spiritual life. It is said, that they received their training ofAyurvedathrough direct cognition during meditation. In other words, the knowledge of the use of various methods of healing, prevention, longevity and surgery came through Divine revelation . These revelations were transcribed from the oral tradition into book form, interspersed with the other aspects of life. ConsequentlyAyurvedagrew into a regard and widely used system of healing in India.Around CA. 1500 Before. Common era. Ayurvedawas delineated into eight specific branches of medicine and there were two main schools Atreya, the school of physicians, andDhanvantari, the school of surgeons. These two schools madeAyurvedaa more scientifically verifiable and classifiable medical system. People from numerous countries came to Indian Ayurvedic schools to postulate this medical acquirement. They came from China, Tibet, Greece, Rome, Egypt ,Afghanistan, Persia etc. to learn the everlasting(a) wisdom and bring it back to their own countries.Ayurvedic texts were tran slated in Arabic and physicians such as ibn-Sina and Razi Sempion, who both quoted Ayurvedic texts , established Islamic Medicine. This medicine became popular in Europe and helped to form the foundation of the European tradition in medicine. In the 16thCentury Europe , Paracelsus , who is known as the father of modern Western medicine, practiced and propagated a system of medicine which borrowed heavily fromAyurveda.. Principles of Ayurveda Ayurvedais a holistic healing science which comprises of two words,AyuandVeda.Ayu means life andVedameans knowledge or science. So the literal meaning of the wordAyurvedais the science of life. Ayurvedais a science dealing not only with treatment of some diseases but is a have it away way of life. Ayurvedaaims at making a happy, healthy and peaceful society. The two most important aims ofAyurvedaare + To maintain the health of healthy people + To redress the diseases of sick peopleA Person is seen inAyurvedaas a unique individual ma de up of five primary elements. These elements are ether (space), air, fire,water and earth. Just as in nature, we too have these five elements in us.When any of these elements are mental unsoundnessd in the purlieu , they will in turn have an influence on us. The foods we eat and the weather are precisely two examples of the influence of these elements . While we are a composite of these five primary elements, certain elements are seen to have an ability to combine to manufacture various physiological functions. The elements combine with Ether and Air in dominence to form what is known inAyurvedaasVata Dosha. Vatagoverns the principle of movement and therefore can be seen as the force which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration and elemination etc. The elements with Fire and Water in dominence combine to form thePitta Dosha. ThePitta Doshais responsible for the process of transformation or metabolism. The transformation of foods into nutrients that our bodies can ass imilate is an example of a Pitta function. Pittais also responsible for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems as well as cellular metabolism. Finally, it is predominantly the water and earth elements which combine to form theKapha Dosha. Kaphais responsible for growth, adding structure unit by unit.It also offers protection , for example, in form of the cerebral-spinal fluid,which protects the brain and spinal column. The mucousal lining of the stomach is another example of the function of Kapha Dosha protecting the tissues. We are all made up of unique proportions ofVata,Pitta and Kapha. These ratios of the Doshas vary in each individual and because of thisAyurvedasees each person as a special mixture that accounts for our diversity. Ayurvedagives us a model to look at each individual as a unique makeup of the three doshas and to thereby design treatment protocols that specifically address a persons health challenges.When any of the doshas become accumulated,Ayurvedawill su ggest specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to assist the individual in reducing the dosha that has become excessive. Also herbal medicines will be suggested , to cure the imbalance and the disease. Understanding this main principle ofAyurveda, it offers us an explanation as to why one person responds differently to a treatment or diet than another and why persons with the same disease index yet require different treatments and medications. Other important basic principles ofAyurvedawhich are briefly mentioned here are 1. Dhatus- These are the basic tissues which maintain and nourish the body. They are seven in number namely- rasa(chyle), raktha(blood), mamsa(muscles),meda(fatty tissue), asthi(bone), majja(marrow) and sukla(reprodutive tissue). Proper amount of each dhatu and their balanced function is very important for good health. 2. Mala- These are the waste materials gived as a result of various metabolic activities in the body. They are mainly urine, feaces, sweat etc.Proper elimination of the malas is equally important for good health. Accumulation of malas causes many diseases in the body. 3. Srotas- These are different types of channels which are responsible for cargo ships of food,dhatus,malasanddoshas. Proper functioning ofsrotasis necessary for transporting different materials to the site of their requirement. Blockage ofsrotascauses many diseases. 4. Agni- These are different types of enzymes responsible for digestion and transforming one material to another. All these factors should function in a proper balance for good health.They are inter-related and are directly or indirectly responsible for maintaining equilibrium of the tridoshas. Balance and Harmony of the Three Doshas When the three Doshas are well harmonised and function in a balanced manner, it results in good sustentation and well-being of the individual . But when there is imbalance or disharmony within or between them, it will result in elemental imbalance , leadi ng to various kinds of ailments. The Ayurvedic concept of physical health revolves round these three Doshas and its primary purpose is to help maintain them in a balanced state and thus to prevent disease.This humoral theory is not unique to the ancient Indian Medicine The Yin and Yang theory in chinese medicine and the Hippocratic theory of four humours in Greek medicine are also very similar. The Qualities of the Three Doshas The three Doshas possess qualities and their increase or decrease in the system depends upon the similar or antagonistic qualities of everything ingested. Vatais ironic, cold, set down, mobile, clear, rough, subtle Pittais slightly fulsome, hot, intense, light, fluid,free flowing, foul smelling. Kaphais oily, cold, heavy, stable, viscid, smooth, soft BothVataandPittaare light and only Kapha is heavy.BothVataandKaphaare cold and only Pitta is hot. BothPittaandKaphaare moist and oily and only Vata is dry. Anything dry almost always increasesVata, any thing hot increasesPittaand anything heavy ,Kapha. Puffed rice is dry, cold light and rough surplus in puffed rice therefore is likely to increase Vata in the overindulger. Mustard oil is oily , hot , intense , fluid , strong-smelling and liquid and increases Pitta in the consumer. Yoghurt , which , being creamy, cold, heavy, viscid, smooth and soft , is the very image of Kapha , adds to the bodys Kapha when eaten.All Five elemets , as expressed throughVata, Pitta and Kapha, are essential to life, working together to create health or produce disease. No one dosha can produce or sustain life all three must work together , each in its own way. PURIFICATION THERAPY Health is purity and disease is impurity So purification is the treatment. (old Indian saying) Purification therapy is a unique bluster ofAyurvedaby which thecomplete cure and non recurrence of disease is made possible.The functional components (doshas, namelyvatha, pitha & kapha) move all around the body throug h the channels of circulation to do the normal physiological activities. The disease is the result of imbalance in the quantity and quality of the doshas. During the disease process, the unbalanced doshas get lodged in the weak parts of the channels of circulation and produce the disease symptoms. If the channels of circulation are pure and healthy, even the aggravated doshas cannot locate anywhere and produce disease Ayurvedaoffers two measures in the management of a disease . Pacifying therapy-in which the unbalanceddoshasare pacified with in the body itself. As this therapy dont cleanse the channels of circulation, there is the possibility of reprovocation when exposed to similar causative factors. This therapy is suited in conditions in which there is not much vitiation of the doshas. 2. Purification therapy-It is aimed at the complete expulsion of the unbalanceddoshasand the purification of the channels of circulation. As the channels are cleansed and strengthened by this pr ocess, the accident of recurrence is nil. Purification therapy can be implemented not only for curing diseases but to maintain health. No other systems of medicine can offer such an effective treatment measure. So we can proudly declare our superiority of Ayurveda to any other systems on account of its purification therapy. The purification otherwise calledPancha karma therapyis implemented in five ways. 1. Enema therapy -It is best for vatha imbalance. 2. Purgation therapy -Best for pitha imbalance. 3. Emesis therapy -For kapha imbalance. 4. Nasal drops -For all diseases above the neck. 5.Blood letting -Best for removing blood impurities. Stages of the treatment First stage-This includes the external and internal application oils followed with fomentation or sudation. By this the unbalanced doshas lodged in the weak parts of the channels are swimming and loosened. Main or second stage-In this stage the loosened and liquified doshas are expelled out of the body by t he appropriate purifactory procedure. Post therapy-This includes the regimens to be practised after the purification. This is mainly intended to increase the digestive fire.